Friedrich Holderlin

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Johann Christian Hölderlin (1770 – 7 June 1843) was a German poet and scholar.

Hölderlin, who Norbert von Hellingrath described as "the most German of Germans," was a central figure of German Romanticism.

Born in Lauffen am Neckar, Germany, was also a key thinker in the formation of German Idealism, particularly because of his early friendship with and philosophical influence on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling.

His mother wanted him to enter the Lutheran ministry, but he went to the Tübinger Stift, where he was friends with Hegel and Schelling.

He graduated in 1793 but was unable to devote himself to the Christian faith, preferring instead to become a tutor.

He briefly attended the University of Jena, where he collaborated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Novalis before resuming his teaching career.

He had trouble establishing himself as a writer and was plagued by mental illness.

In 1806, he was sent to a clinic but was later deemed ineffective and instead given a home by a carpenter, Ernst Zimmer.

He spent the remaining 36 years of his life in Zimmer's home and died in 1843 at the age of 73. Hölderlin continued Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller's as an admirer of Greek mythology and Ancient Greek poets like Pindar and Sophocles, and he melded Christian and Hellenic themes in his writings.

"Hölderlin is one of our best thinkers, not because he is our best poet," Martin Heidegger, who Hölderlin influenced, said.

Early life

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin was born in Lauffen am Neckar on 20 March 1770, then a member of the Duchy of Württemberg. He was Johanna Christiana Heyn and Heinrich Friedrich Hölderlin's first child. Heinrike, his uncle, the owner of a church estate, died when he was two years old, and Friedrich and his sister were taken up by their mother.

After marrying Johann Christoph Gok in 1774, his mother took the family to Nürtingen. Johann Gok, the burgomaster of Nürtingen, was born two years ago, and Hölderlin's half-brother, Karl Christoph Friedrich Gok, was born. Johann Gok died at the age of 30 in 1779. Hölderlin wrote in a 1799 letter to his mother, describing how his childhood was marred by grief and sadness.

Hölderlin began his education in 1776, and his mother encouraged him to attend the Lutheran church. He received additional Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and rhetoric instruction in preparation for the entrance exams into a monastery, which began in 1782. He began a friendship with Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, who was five years younger than him. Schelling was "subjected to universal teasing," according to Hölderlin, who shielded him from bullying by older students due to the age gap. Hölderlin began playing the piano and became interested in travel literature following Georg Forster's A Voyage Round the World.

Hölderlin started his formal preparation for entering the Lutheran monastery in Denkendorf in 1784. He discovered the poetry of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock at Denkendorf and took the first steps in writing his own verses. Hölderlin's first known letter, which was dated 1784 and sent to his former tutor Nathanael Köstlin, is dated 1784. Hölderlin wrote a letter in which he discussed his growing faith in Christianity and fear for his mental health.

Hölderlin reached the Higher Monastery in Maulbronn in 1786. Luise Nast, the daughter of the monastery's administrator, fell in love with the monastery's administrator and began to doubt his call to serve the service; he created Mein Vorsatz in 1787, in which he claims he plans to achieve "Pindar's light" and reach "Klopstock-heights." Don Carlos of Schiller read Luise Nast's recommendation in 1788. Hölderlin wrote a letter to Schiller about Don Carlos later saying: "It won't be practical to study Carlos in a systematic way," he said in a letter he received from the good god of my youth for so many years so that I would not see the pattiness and barbarity of the world any time soon."

Hölderlin began his theological studies at the Tübinger Stift in October 1788, where his classmates included Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Isaac von Sinclair, and Schelling. It was said that Hölderlin, who lived in Tübingen, brought Hegel's attention to Hegel's notice of Heraclitus' notion of opposites, which Hegel would later develop into his dialectics. Hölderlin wrote to her, "I wish you happiness if you choose one more worthy than me," he said, but he would not have been content with his mother's insistence to stay in the Stift.

Hölderlin, alongside Hegel and Schelling and his fellow workers during his time in Stift, was an ardent supporter of the French Revolution. Despite the fact that he condemned the Reign of Terror's brutality, his adherence to the 1789 values remained strong. Many of Hölderlin's most influential works, including Hyperion and The Death of Empedocles, were influenced by his republican sympathies.

After receiving his magister degree in 1793, his mother begged him to enter the ministry. Hölderlin, on the other hand, had no pleasure in the prevailing Protestant theology and instead served as a private tutor. In 1794, he met Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and began writing his epistolary book Hyperion. He enrolled at the University of Jena in 1795 for a short time, before meeting Novalis and Johann Gottlieb Fichte.

The Eine älteste Systemprogramm des Deutschen Idealismus, a seminal manuscript dating 1797, is now known as the "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism"). Despite Hegel's handwriting, it is believed that Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth individual wrote it.

He was a tutor in Frankfurt am Main from 1796 to 1798, and Susette Gontard, his employer's wife, married banker Jakob Gontard, became his love. The emotion was mutual, and Hölderlin's life was without a doubt. Their affair was discovered after a while, but Hölderlin was chastised and dismissed with sarcastic dismissal. He lived in Homburg from 1798 to 1800, discovering Susette in secrecy for the first time, but his life was plagued by financial difficulties, and his mother had to pay a small amount to him. Hölderlin's doubts about himself and his worth as a poet were only exacerbated by his order's departure from Susette Gontard's book; he wanted to reform German society but didn't have the authority he needed. He created three versions, none of which was unfinished, of a tragedy in the Greek style, The Death of Empedocles, and composed odes in the vein of Ancient Greeks Alcaeus and Asclepiades of Samos.

Hölderlin was diagnosed with schizophrenia in the late 1800s and then referred to as "hypochondrias," a condition that would get worse after his last meeting with Susette Gontard in 1800. After a sojourn in Stuttgart at the end of 1800, he decided to work on his translations of Pindar, and then moved to Wiegwig, Switzerland, where he later lived in 1802. In Andenken ("Remembrance"), one of his best poems, his stay in the French city is celebrated. However, he returned home on foot in a few months (where he saw authentic Greek sculptures rather than just modern or American copies for the first time in his life). In late 1802, he returned to Nürtingen both physically and mentally exhausted, and learned that Susette Gontard had died of influenza in Frankfurt at the same time.

Hölderlin, a devout Christian who died in Nürtingen, melded his Hellenism with Christianity and sought to integrate ancient values with modern life; in Hölderlin's elegy Brod and Wein, Christ is seen as a descendant of the Greek gods, bringing bread from the earth and wine from Dionysus. Hölderlin was arrested by Isaac von Sinclair, who later discovered a sinecure for him as a court librarian, but in 1805, von Sinclair was condemned as a conspirator and started a war against treason. Hölderlin was in danger of being tried too, but was found not able to stand trial. Hölderlin was born in the clinic in Tübingen, Germany, by Dr. Johann Heinrich von Autenrieth, the manufacturer of a mask for the prevention of screaming in the mentally ill, on September 11th.

The clinic was attached to the University of Tübingen, and poet Justinus Kerner, then a medical student, had been sent by the University of Tübingen to look after Hölderlin. Hölderlin was discharged as incurable and given three years to live in the next year, but the carpenter Ernst Zimmer (a cultured man) was taken in and given a room in his Tübingen house, which had been a tower with a view across the Neckar river. After the poet's 36-year-long stay in the room, the tower would be dubbed the Hölderlinturm. The building's second half of his life was completed, and Turmzeit (or "Tower period") has been referred to as "the Turmzeit" in some circles.

Hölderlin's tower continued to write poetry of a simplicity and formality that was not present in his earlier works dating back to 1805. He became a little tourist attraction as time went on, and curious visitors and autograph hunters came to visit him. He will often play the piano or spontaneously write short verses for such visitors, but most of these (such as the well-known Die Linen der Leben ("The Lines of Life"), which he wrote out for his carer Zimmer on a piece of wood) have a piercing appearance and have been set to music by several composers.

Hölderlin's own family was unable to pay him financially, but the state sued him for his upkeep. His mother and sister never met him, and his stepbrother did so only once. His mother died in 1828: his sister and stepbrother argued over the succession that was not allotted to Hölderlin, and the will was unsuccessfully tried to have the will reversed in court. Neither of them attended his funeral in 1843 nor did Hegel's childhood friends, who had died about a decade earlier) and Schelling, who had long since dismissed him; the Zimmer family was his sole mourners. His inheritance, which included the patrimony left to him by his father when he was two, had been kept from him by his mother and was regarded with increasing curiosity. He died as a wealthy man but had no idea it.

Education

Hölderlin began his studies in 1776 and his mother encouraged him to attend the Lutheran Church. He received additional instruction in Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and rhetoric, as preparations for entrance exams into a monastery, beginning in 1782. During this period, he developed a friendship with Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, who was five years Hölderlin's junior. Schelling was "subjected to universal teasing," and Hölderlin shielded him from harassment by older students due to the age difference. Hölderlin began playing the piano and developed an interest in travel literature through Georg Forster's A Voyage Round the World.

Hölderlin, a 1784 student at the Lower Monastery in Denkendorf, began his formal preparation for his entry into the Lutheran order. He discovered Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock's poetry at Denkendorf and took preliminary steps in writing his own verses. Hölderlin's oldest known letter, which was dated 1784 and addressed to his former tutor Nathanael Köstlin, is dated 1784. Hölderlin wrote about his growing faith in Christianity and anxiety about his mental health in the letter.

Hölderlin at Maulbronn in 1786 ascended to the Higher Monastery. He fell in love with Luise Nast, the daughter of the monastery's chief, and began to doubt his commitment to the cause; he created Mein Vorsatz in 1787, in which he claims his intention to see "Pindar's light" and reach "klopstock-heights." Don Carlos of Schiller read Luise Nast's advice in 1788. "It't be practical to study Carlos in a systematic way," Hölderlin wrote to Schiller later, "It will be impossible to analyze Carlos in a timely manner," says the good god of my youth enveloped me for so many years so that I will not see the pittiness and barbarity of the world" anytime soon."

Hölderlin began his theological studies at Tübinger Stift in October 1788, where his classmates included Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Isaac von Sinclair, and Schelling. It has been reported that it was Hölderlin who, during their stay in Tübingen, drew Hegel's notice about the two opposites' unity, which Hegel would later develop into his dialectics theory. Hölderlin broke off his relationship with Luise Nast in 1789, writing to her: "I wish you happiness if you choose one more worthy than me," she said, but then later you will realize that you could never have been content with your morose, ill-humoured, and sickly friend," she said, but he relinquished to the pressure from his mother's inability to remain in the Stift.

Hölderlin, along with Hegel and Schelling and his other colleagues during his stay in the Stift, was a zealous supporter of the French Revolution. Despite the fact that he condemned the brutality of the Reign of Terror, his devotion to the principles of 1789 remained ferocious. Many of Hölderlin's most popular creations, such as Hyperion and The Death of Empedocles, were influenced by his republican sympathies.

His mother begged him to enter the ministry after he received his magister degree in 1793. Hölderlin, on the other hand, found no joy in the prevailing Protestant theology and served as a private tutor. He met Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1794 and began writing his epistolary book Hyperion. He enrolled at the University of Jena in 1795, where he attended Johann Gottlieb Fichte's classes and met Novalis.

There is a seminal manuscript dating back to 1797, now known as the Das älteste Systemprogramm des Deutschen Idealismus ("The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism"). Despite the fact that Hegel's handwriting is in Hegel's handwriting, it is thought to have been written by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown third individual.

He fell in love with Susette Gontard, the wife of his employer's employer, Jakob Gontard, from 1796 to 1798. The feeling was mutual, and Hölderlin's life became more significant. Their affair was unearthed for a long time, and Hölderlin was swiftly dismissed. He lived in Homburg from 1798 to 1800, first meeting Susette in secrecy and attempting to establish himself as a writer, but his life was plagued by financial hardships, and he had to agree a small amount from his mother. Hölderlin's doubts about himself and his value as a poet were only exacerbated by his mandated separation; he wanted to change German history but didn't have the authority he needed. He produced three versions—all unfinished—of a tragedy in Greece's manner, The Death of Empedocles, and he created odes in the vein of the Ancient Greeks Alcaeus and Asclepiades of Samos.

Hölderlin was diagnosed with schizophrenia in the late 1800s, but the condition was later described as "hypochondrias," which would get worse after his last meeting with Susette Gontard in 1800. After a sojourn in Stuttgart at the end of 1800, he found new life as a tutor in Hauptwyl, Switzerland, and later in Bordeaux, Germany, as a professor. In Andenken ("Remembrance"), one of his best poems, his stay in the French city is commemorated. However, he returned home on foot in a few months, rather than in Roman or modern versions, for the first time in his life. In late 1802, he was both physically and mentally exhausted, and discovered that Susette Gontard died of influenza in Frankfurt at the same time.

Hölderlin, a devout Christian, and his mother, a devout Christian, melded his Hellenism with Christianity in a modern age; in Hölderlin's elegy Brod and Wein ("Bread and Wine"), Christ is seen as a descendant from the Greek gods, bringing bread from the earth and wine from Dionysus. Hölderlin was sentenced to prison by Isaac von Sinclair, who discovered a sinecure for him as a court librarian, but in 1805 von Sinclair was arrested as a conspirator and tried for treason. Hölderlin was in danger of being prosecuted again, but she was not physically fit to face trial. Hölderlin was born in the clinic at Tübingen, Germany, by Dr. Johann Heinrich von Autenrieth, who invented a mask for the prevention of screaming in the mentally ill.

After Hölderlin, the clinic was attached to the University of Tübingen and poet Justinus Kerner, then a medical student, was sent to look after him. Hölderlin was discharged as incurable and three years old, but the carpenter Ernst Zimmer (a cultured man who had read Hyperion) and given a room in his house in Tübingen, where it had been a tower in the old city wall with a view across the Neckar river in the following year. After the poet's 36-year stay in the room, the tower would be dubbed the Hölderlinturm. The building's second half of his life was also referred to as the Turmzeit (or "Tower period)).

Hölderlin continued to write poetry of a simplicity and formality in the tower, which was quite unlike what he had been writing up to 1805. He became a little tourist attraction as time went by, and curious visitors and autograph hunters visited him. He will often play the piano or spontaneously write short verses for such visitors, but not always full of emotion—though a few of these (such as the celebrated Die Linien des Lebens ("The Lines of Life"), which he wrote out for his carer Zimmer on a piece of wood) have a piercing look and have been set to music by several composers.

Hölderlin's own family was unable to pay him financially, but the state sued him enforcing that his upkeep be reimbursed. His mother and sister never met him, and his stepbrother did not visit him until once. His mother died in 1828; his sister and stepbrother argued that too much money had been allotted to Hölderlin, and that the will had to be reversed in court. Neither of them attended his funeral in 1843 nor did Hegel, his childhood friends (as he had died about a decade ago) and Schelling, who had long since ignored him; the Zimmer family were his only mourners. His inheritance, as well as the patrimony left to him by his father when he was two, had been withheld from him by his mother, and was thus uninhibited and continuously accruing interest. He was a wealthy man but didn't know it.

Later life and death

Hölderlin continued to write poetry in the tower, with a subtlety and formality that was not present in his earlier works, which was before 1805. As time went on, he became a minor tourist attraction and was visited by curious visitors and autograph hunters. Often, he'd play the piano or spontaneously write short verses for such visitors, but not so much so—although a few of these (such as the famous Die Linen des Lebens ("The Lines of Life"), which he wrote out for his carer Zimmer on a piece of wood) have a piercing look and have been set to music by several composers.

Hölderlin's own family was unable to pay him financially, but the state paid him to pay him. His mother and sister never met him, and his stepbrother did so only once. His mother died in 1828: his sister and stepbrother quarreled over the inheritance, alleging that the will had been overturned in court. Neither of them attended his funeral in 1843, nor did Hegel, his childhood friends, who had died a decade earlier) and Schelling, who had long since ignored him; the Zimmer family were his only mourners. His inheritance, as well as the patrimony left to him by his father when he was two years old, had been kept from him by his mother, and was still accruing interest. He died as a wealthy man but had no idea it existed.

Source

Career

His mother begged him to enter the ministry after he obtained his magister degree in 1793. Hölderlin, on the other hand, found no joy in the prevailing Protestant theology, and instead served as a private tutor. In 1794, he met Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and began writing his epistolary book Hyperion. He enrolled at the University of Jena in 1795 for a short time and encountered Novalis.

There is a seminal manuscript dating back to 1797, now known as the "Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus" (The Oldest Systemic Program of German Idealism). Despite Hegel's handwriting, it is thought that Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth individual is responsible for the document.

He was captivated by Susette Gontard, the wife of his employer, the banker Jakob Gontard, from 1796 to 1798. The feeling was mutual, and Hölderlin's life would have emphasized this friendship. Their affair was unearthed for a time, and Hölderlin was scathingly dismissed. He lived in Homburg from 1798 to 1800, first meeting Susette in secrecy and attempting to establish himself as a writer, but his life was plagued by financial concerns and his mother had to pay a small amount. Hölderlin's doubts about himself and his reputation as a poet also heightened; he wanted to change German culture but didn't have the authority he needed. He produced three versions, none of which was finished, of a tragedy in the Greek style, The Death of Empedocles, and he produced odes in the vein of the Ancient Greeks Alcaeus and Asclepiades of Samos.

Hölderlin was diagnosed with schizophrenia in the late 1800s but then referred to as "hypochondrias," a condition that would get worse after his last meeting with Susette Gontard in 1800. After a sojourn in Stuttgart at the end of 1800, he found further work as a tutor in Hauptwyl, Switzerland, and then in the Hamburg consul's family in Bordeaux in 1802. In Andenken ("Remembrance"), one of his best poems, his stay in the French city is commemorated. However, he returned home on foot in a few months (where he saw authentic Greek sculptures as opposed to Roman or modern copies for the first time in his life). In late 1802, he returned to his home in Nürtingen, both physically and mentally exhausted, and learned that Susette Gontard died of influenza in Frankfurt at the same time.

Hölderlin, a devout Christian, joined Christianity and modern life at his home in Nürtingen, bringing bread from the earth and wine from Dionysus. Hölderlin was sentenced to the court of Homburg by Isaac von Sinclair, who discovered a sinecure for him as a court librarian, but in 1805, Sinclair was declared a conspirator and pleaded for treason. Hölderlin was in danger of being tried again, but was not deemed physically fit to face a jury. Hölderlin was born in Tübingen's clinic by Dr. Johann Heinrich von Autenrieth, the creator of a mask for the prevention of screaming in the mentally ill, on September 11th.

The clinic was attached to the University of Tübingen and the poet Justinus Kerner, then a medical student, was sent to look after Hölderlin. Hölderlin was released as incurable and had three years to live, but the carpenter Ernst Zimmer (a cultured man) was taken in and given a room in his Tübingen house with a view across the Neckar river. After the poet's 36-year-long stay in the room, the tower would later be dubbed the Hölderlinturm. His residence in the building completed the second half of his life, and the Turmzeit (or "Tower period" is also mentioned).

Hölderlin wrote poetry of a simplicity and formality in the tower, much like what he had been writing up to 1805. He became a minor tourist attraction as time went on, and curious visitors and autograph hunters visited him. Often, he'd play the piano or spontaneously write short verses for such visitors, but few of them (such as the well-known Die Linien der Lebens ("The Lines of Life"), which he wrote out for his carer Zimmer on a piece of wood) have a piercing appearance and have been set to music by several composers.

Hölderlin's family was unable to pay him, but the state paid him to pay him for his upkeep. His mother and sister never met him, and his stepbrother did so just once. His mother died in 1828, when his sister and stepbrother argued that too much money had been allotted to Hölderlin and that the will had to be reversibly challenged in court. Neither of them attended his funeral in 1843, nor did Hegel's (as he had died a decade earlier) and Schelling, who had long since forgotten him; the Zimmer family were the only mourners; His inheritance, as well as the patrimony left to him by his father when he was two, was stolen by his mother and was not inherited by his son, who was unconstrained and never accruing interest. He died a wealthy man but didn't know it.

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