Fernando Pessoa

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Fernando Pessoa (13 June 1888 – 30 November 1935) was a Portuguese poet, writer, translator, editor, and scholar who was one of the twentieth century's most influential literary figures and one of Portugal's top writers.

He also wrote and translated from French and French. Pessoa was a prolific writer, but not under his own name, for he produced up to seventy-five others.

Because some did not capture their true intellectual life, he did not bother to call them pseudonyms and instead referred to them as heteronyms.

These fictional figures had often unpopular or radical views.

Early life

Pessoa was born in Lisbon on June 13th, 1888. Pessoa's father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, died of tuberculosis as a child, and his younger brother Jorge, aged five, died on January 2nd.

Fernando sailed with his mother, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nos Santos Rosa, to join his stepfather, a retired Portuguese consul in Durban, the former British colony of Natal, after the second marriage of his mother, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nos Santos Rosa. Pessoa wrote in a letter dated 8 February 1918: "I remember you wrote this letter."

The young Pessoa received his early education at St. Joseph Convent School, a Roman Catholic grammar school run by Irish and French nuns. In April 1899, he began attending Durban High School, becoming fluent in English and gaining an appreciation for English literature. He was awarded the newly established Queen Victoria Memorial Prize for best paper in English during the Matriculation Examination, which was held at the University of Good Hope (forerunner of the University of Cape Town) in November 1903. He attended Durban Commercial High School for one year, as he was preparing for university.

Pessoa also began writing short stories in English, some under the name of David Merrick, which many of which were unfinished. "I read with a great deal of amusement" at the age of sixteen, The Natal Mercury (edition of 6 July 1904) published his poem "Hillier did first usurp the realms of rhyme," under the name of C. R. Anon (anonymous). "Macaulay" was published in The Durban High School Magazine in December. "The Man in the Moon" was published in the section "From February to June 1905," The Natal Mercury has released at least four sonnets by Fernando Pessoa: "To England I," "To England II," and "Liberty." Anon was often referred to in his poems as the author's name. Pessoa's first pen names were used quite early. Chevalier de Pas, a French noble, was the first one, although he was still in his childhood. In comparison to Charles Robert Anon and David Merrick, the young writer also signed up under other pen names such as Horace James Faber, Alexander Hunt, and other common titles.

Pessoa wrote about himself in the preface to The Book of Disquiet.

A schoolfellow characterized the young Pessoa as follows:

He sailed for Lisbon by East through the Suez Canal on board the "Herzog," departing Durban for good at the age of seventeen. In Orpheu nr. 2 by his heteronym lvaro de Campos, this journey inspired the poems "Opiário" (dedicated to his colleague, poet and writer Mário de Sá-Carneiro) published on March 1915 (dedicated to the futurist painter Santa-Rita) who appeared in Orpheu nr.1 and "Ode Martima), which were dedicated to the poet and writer and writer and "o no no in Orpheo no de Campo de Campo de Campo defo no o o de Sido derivo in no de no in Orphe wrote in the poet and writer Má na) and writer Má-Carn nrio no in 1915, o nrio de nrio dedicated to poet and writer Má-Carno de o dedica) in Orpheu no de nrio de nrio de nrio in Orpheu nrio demise in Orpheu nria).

Writing a lifetime

Pessoa was heavily influenced by major English classical poets, such as Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope, as well as romantics such as Shelley, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Tennyson. Pessoa was influenced by French symbolists and decadentists like Charles Baudelaire, Maurice Rollinat, Stéphane Mallarmé, and, in particular, Portuguese poets such as Antero de Quental, Gomes Leal, Cessne, António Nobre, Passanha, or Teixeira de Pascoas, who was born in 1905. Among other writers, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and T. S. Eliot followed him later.

Pessoa wrote to a number of British publishers, including Constable & Co. Ltd., planning to order the publication of his collection of English verses The Mad Fiddler, which was unveiled during his lifetime, but it was refused. However, Athenaeum, the prestigious literary journal, published in 1920, published one of those poems. Since the attempt at British publication fell short, Pessoa published in Lisbon two slim volumes of English verse, Antinous and 35 Sonnets, which were unhearded by the British literary press. Olisipo, a publisher in 1921, published two additional English poetry books, including English Poems I-III and English Poems III by Fernando Pessoa. Pessoa's publishing house sold several books by his friends, including A Invenço do Dia Claro (The invention of the clear day) by José de Almada Negóes (Songs) by António Botto (Songs), and Sodoma Divinizada (Deified Sodom) by Raul Leal (Henoch). Olisipo closed down in 1923 after the tragedy of "Literature of Sodom" (Literature of Sodom), which Pessoa started with his book "António Botto em Portugal) was published in the journal Contemporanea.

Pessoa referred to himself as "a British-style conservative, liberal within conservatism, and categorically anti-reactionary," and he adhered closely to Spencerian individualism of his upbringing. He referred to his brand of nationalism as "mystic, cosmopolitan, liberist, and anti-Catholic." He was a vocal elitist who fought communism, socialism, oligarchy, fascism, and Catholicism. He rushed to the First Portuguese Republic, but the subsequent chaos caused him to reluctantly support the 1917-1926 military coups as a means of restoring control and preparing the transition to a new constitutional order. In 1928, he wrote a pamphlet for the military dictatorship but Pessoa became dissatisfie with the regime and wrote a critical article about Salazar and fascism in general, maintaining a hostile attitude against the regime's corporatist program, illiberalism, and censorship. Since writing in favor of Freemasonry, Pessoa was barred by the Salazar regime in 1935. Pessoa wrote two articles in which he condemned Mussolini's invasion of Abyssin and fascism as a threat to human liberty everywhere.

Pessoa was admitted to the Hospital de So Lu's on Friday, suffering from abdominal pain and a high fever; in English, he wrote, "I don't know what tomorrow will bring." About 8 p.m. on the next day, 29 November 1935, aged 47, he died the next day, 30 November 1935, about 8 p.m. His cause of death is often traced to liver cirrhosis, but others attribute his death to pancreatitis (again from alcoholism), or other illnesses.

He wrote four books in English and one in Portuguese, as well as one alone in Portuguese: Mensagem (Message). However, he left a lifetime of unpublished, unfinished, or just sketchy work in a domed, wooden trunk (25,574 manuscript and typed pages, which are now housed in the Portuguese National Library since 1988). This massive piece of editing is also in progress. Pessoa's remains were transferred to the Hieronymites Monastery in Lisbon, where Vasco da Gama, Lus de Camés, and Alexandre Herculano were buried in 1985 (fifty years since his death). The portrait of Pessoa on the 100-escudo banknote was on the 100-escudo banknote.

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