Ernst Haeckel

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Ernst Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 19 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, scholar, marine biologist, and artist who mapped a genetic tree relating to all life forms and introduced thousands of new species.

Haeckel marketed and promoted Charles Darwin's work in Germany and formulated the influential yet no longer popular recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"), claiming that an organism's biological evolution, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary evolution, or phylogeny. Over 100 detailed, multi-color drawings of animals and sea creatures from Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature") are included in his book "Art Forms of Nature."

Ernst Haeckel, a philosopher, wrote Die Welträthsel (1895-1899), the genesis of the word "world riddle" (Welträtsel), and Freedom in Science and Teaching to promote teaching evolution.

Life

Ernst Haeckel was born in Potsdam, Germany, on February 16th (then part of the Kingdom of Prussia). Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the cathedral high school in Merseburg, in 1852. He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, notably with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he briefly worked as assistant) and Johannes Peter Müller (1801-1882). In Würzburg, he attended botany lectures with Hermann Steudner. Haeckel obtained a doctorate in medicine in 1857 and later received a license to practice medicine. After dealing with suffering patients, the physician's career appeared less valuable to Haeckel.

He studied at the University of Jena for three years, receiving a degree in comparative anatomy in 1861, before being a professor of zoology at the University of Jena, where he stayed for 47 years from 1862 to 1909. Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as radiolarians, poriferans (sponges), and Annelids (segmented worms) between 1859 and 1866. Haeckel described nearly 150 new species of radiolarians on a trip to the Mediterranean.

Anna Sethe, his beloved first wife, died in 1864. Haeckel devoted certain species of jellyfish (such as Desmonema annasethe) to his devoted wife, Desmonema annasethe.

Haeckel, from 1866 to 1867, traveled to the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol. He arrived in London on October 17th, 1866. He visited Thomas Huxley and his family over the next few days and visited them at their house. He visited Down House in Kent on October 21. Agnes Huschke married him in 1867. Walter Walter was born in 1868, and Elizabeth and Emma in 1872. In 1869, he went to Norway as a researcher (where he lived on the island of Hvar in a monastery), then to Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. He had a museum in Jena constructed in 1907 to educate the public about evolution. Haeckel retired from teaching in 1909 and resigned from the Evangelical Church of Prussia in 1910.

He was commissioned by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena with a two-volume edition titled Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel).

Agnes, Haeckel's wife, died in 1915 and he became severely ill, breaking his leg and arm. In Jena in 1918, he sold his "Villa Medusa" to the Carl Zeiss Foundation, which preserved his library. Haeckel died on August 9, 1919.

In Germany, Haeckel became Germany's most prominent Monism proponent.

Haeckel's political convictions were influenced by his affinity for the German Romantic movement, as well as his acceptance of a version of Lamarckism. Haeckel believed that the features of an organism were acquired through environmental contact and that ontogeny represented phylogeny rather than being a strict Darwinian. He saw the social sciences as instances of "applied biology," and that term was seized and used for Nazi propaganda.

Haeckel belonged to the Monist League's founders (Deutscher Monistenbund), which took a stand against philosophical materialism and promoted a "natural Weltanschauung" in 1906. This group survived until 1933, and it included such luminaries as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869-1940), Helene Stöcker, and Walter Arthur Berendsohn. He was the first person to use the term "first world war."

The Nazi Party, on the other hand, banned Haeckel's books, which condemned Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought. In addition, it is worth noting that Haeckel had frequently acknowledged the contributions of educated Jews to German history.

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