Emile Durkheim

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David Émile Durkheim (French) [emil dyk] or [dyejm] [dykajm] [dynm] [dy kajm] (french; 15 April 1858 – October 1917] was a French sociologist. Durkheim, formally established the sociology discipline, and is regarded as one of the top researchers of modern social science, alongside Karl Marx and Max Weber.

Durkheim's book was concerned with how societies can maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity, an era in which traditional social and religious ties are much less common and in which new social and religious institutions have emerged. Durkheim's study of suicide in Catholic and Protestant groups laid the groundwork for modern sociology, and he used statistics, surveys, and historical data to support his analysis of suicides in Catholic and Protestant groups. De la division du travail social (1893; The Division of Labour in Society; The Division of Labour and Society), followed by Les Règles de la méthomethode in 1895, the same year in which Durkheim established the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of sociology. Le Suicide (1897), Durkheim's seminal monograph, a study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, and especially modern social research, helps to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, he founded the journal L'Année Sociologique, which was published in 1898. Les formes de la vie religieuse (1912; The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life) introduced a model of faith, comparing the cultural and societal lives of aboriginal and modern societies.

Durkheim was particularly concerned with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally proposed by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be described as an epistemological realism, as well as the use of the hypothetico-deductive model in social science. Sociology was the science of organizations for Durkheim, understanding the term as the "beliefs and ways of behaviour instituted by the collectivity" as the "beliefs and practices of behavior, with the intention of determining sociological truths. Durkheim, as a result, was a leading proponent of structural functionalism, with a roots-based view of both sociology and anthropology. In his view, sociology should investigate events related to society at large rather than being restricted to the study of individual behaviours.

He was a major figure in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, lecturing and published papers on a variety of topics, including sociology, morality, religion, education, and deviance. Laypeople are now using phrases such as "collective consciousness."

Early life and heritage

David Émile Durkheim was born in Épinal, France, on the 15th of April 1858, he moved to Mélanie (Isidor) and Mose Durkheim, entering a long lineage of devout French Jews. 1 young Durkheim began his studies in a rabbinical academy as his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather all were rabbis. However, he switched colleges at an early age, choosing not to follow in his family's footsteps. 1 in fact, Durkheim lived a purely secular life, though a substantial part of his work was dedicated to demonstrating that religious phenomena resulted from sociocultural rather than divine causes. Despite this, Durkheim did not break ties with his family or the Jewish synagogue. 1 is correct, several of his most influential collaborators and students were Jewish, some even being blood-related. Marcel Mauss, a well-known social anthropologist of the war period, was, for instance, his nephew.

Durkheim, a precocious boy, joined the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in 1879, his third attempt. 2 The entering class of the nineteenth century was one of the most influential in France's intellectual history, as many of his classmates, such as Jean Jaurès and Henri Bergson, went on to become leading figures in France's academic history. Durkheim, a classical scholar with a social-scientific perspective, undertook his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu at the University of On the ENS. He also read Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, whereby Durkheim's interest in a scientific approach to life began early in his career. This was the first of many conflicts with France's academic system, which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, shifting his attention away from psychology and philosophy to ethics and, eventually, sociology. He obtained his agrégation in philosophy in 1882, but he came last in his graduating class due to a severe illness the year before.

Durkheim's opportunity to obtain a major academic appointment in Paris was stymied by his socioeconomic status. He taught philosophy at many provincial colleges from 1882 to 1887. He left for Germany in 1885, where he spent two years at Marburg, Berlin, and Leipzig. In stark contrast to the Cartesian's more abstract, concrete, and simple concepts, Durkheim mentioned in several essays that it was in Leipzig that he learned to appreciate the value of empiricism and its language of concrete, complicated terms. He had finished the draft of his The Division of Labour in Society by 1886, as part of his doctoral dissertation, and was researching the emergence of sociology as a discipline.

Durkheim's time in Germany resulted in the publication of several papers on German social science and philosophy; Durkheim was particularly impressed by Wilhelm Wundt's work. Durkheim's books became well-known in France, and he obtained a teaching position in the University of Bordeaux in 1887, where he was to teach the university's first social science course. Chargé d'un Cours de Science Sociale et de Pédagogie was his official title, and he taught both pedagogy and sociology (the latter having never been taught in France before). 3 The appointment of the social scientist to the majority humanistic faculty was a sign of changing times and increasing importance in the social sciences. Durkheim helped to reform the French school system by including the study of social sciences in the curriculum. Nonetheless, his tumultuous views on faith and morality could be characterized in terms that can be characterized purely of social interaction, which has attracted a lot of critiques.

Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus in 1887, who was also in 1887. Marie and André had two children.

Durkheim's 1890s were a period of extraordinary artistic development. He published The Division of Labour in Society, his doctoral thesis, and a basic statement of human society and its evolution in 1893. x Durkheim's interest in social phenomena was sparked by politics. The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War precipitated the demise of Napoleon III's regime, which was later replaced by the Third Republic. Many people argued that a vigorously nationalist approach to revive France's fading power resulted in a backlash against the new secular and republican king. Durkheim, a Jew and a lifelong promoter of the Third Republic with a commitment to socialism, was also in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. Only the Dreyfus affair of 1894 revived his activist role.

He established The Rules of Sociological Method in 1895, a manifesto stating what sociology is and how it should be carried out, and he established the University of Bordeaux's first European department of sociology. He founded L'Année Sociologique, the first French social science journal, in 1898. Its aim was to publish and promote the work of what had been a growing number of students and collaborators by then (this is also the term used to describe the group of students who developed his sociological curriculum). He published Suicide, a case report that gave an example of what a sociological monograph might look like in 1897. Durkheim was one of the first quantitative methods in criminology, which he used in his study of suicide.

Durkheim had already fulfilled his ambition of achieving a famous position in Paris by 1902 when he assumed the Sorbonne's chair of education. Durkheim had aimed for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to embrace what some called "sociological imperialism" and include social science in their curriculum. He began as a full professor (specifically, Professor of Education) in 1906, and was named chair in "Education and Sociology" in 1913. Durkheim's lectures were the only ones that were mandated for the entire student body because French universities are technically regulated secondary school teachers. Durkheim had a large influence on the younger generation of teachers; at the time, he served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education. He published The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life in 1912, his last major work.

Durkheim's life was going to be devastated by World War I. In that he sought a secular, healthy way of life, his leftism was always patriotic rather than internationalist. However, the war's start and the inevitable nationalist propaganda that followed made it impossible to maintain this already nuanced position. Although Durkheim continued to support his country during the war, the French Right's inability to give in to simplistic nationalist fervor (combined with his Jewish roots) made him the new target of the newly-ascendant French Right. Also, the generations of students who Durkheim had trained are now being recruited to serve in the army, with several of them perishing in the trenches.

André, Durkheim's own son, died on the war front in December 1915, a loss from which Durkheim never recovered. Durkheim, a traumatic city, died of a stroke in Paris on November 15th, two years after 1917. He was buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.

Education

Durkheim, a precocious student, began École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in 1879, his third attempt. 2 This year's freshman class was one of the most innovative of the twentieth century, as many of his classmates, such as Jean Jaurès and Henri Bergson, went on to become major figures in France's academic history. Durkheim researched under the guidance of Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, a classicist with a social-scientistic outlook, and he wrote his Latin dissertation on Montesquieu. At the same time, he read Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, whereby Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to life early on in his career. This was the first of many struggles with France's educational system, which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, shifting his attention away from psychology and philosophy to ethics and, eventually, sociology. He earned his agrégation in philosophy in 1882, but he came last in his graduating class due to a serious illness the year before.

Durkheim's potential to gain a major academic role in Paris was hampered by his commitment to culture. He taught philosophy at a number of provincial universities from 1882 to 1887. He decided to leave Germany in 1885, where he taught sociology at the universities of Marburg, Berlin, and Leipzig. In sharp contrast to the Cartesian method's more abstract, concrete, and simple theories, Durkheim described in several essays that it was in Leipzig that he learned to appreciate the value of empiricism and its vocabulary of concrete, complicated terms. He had completed the draft of his The Division of Labour in Society by 1886, as part of his doctoral dissertation, and was working towards the establishment of sociology's new discipline.

Durkheim's period in Germany resulted in the publication of several papers on German social science and philosophy; Durkheim was particularly impressed by Wilhelm Wundt's work. Durkheim's writings gained a following in France, and he was given a teaching appointment in the University of Bordeaux in 1887, where he would teach the university's first social science course. His official name was Chargé d'un Cours de Science Sociale et Pédagogie, implying that he taught both pedagogy and sociology (the former had never been taught in France before). 3 The appointment of the social scientist to the predominantly humanistic faculty was a sign of both changing times and increasing importance and recognition of the social sciences. Durkheim helped modernize the French school system by including the study of social science in the curriculum. Nevertheless, his inconvenient beliefs about faith and morality could be articulated in terms of solely social interaction, earning him many critics.

Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus in 1887. Marie and André had two children.

Durkheim's 1890s were a period of remarkable artistic achievement. In 1893, he published The Division of Labour in Society, his doctoral thesis, and a basic statement of human society and its development. x Durkheim's fascination with social phenomena was sparked by politics. The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War resulted in the demise of Napoleon III's regime, which was then replaced by the Third Republic. Many people found a backlash against the current secular and republican king, which led to a backlash against the country's fading influence. Durkheim, a Jew and a stead supporter of the Third Republic with a strong interest in socialism, was also in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. The Dreyfus affair in 1894 only strengthened his activist role.

He established The Rules of Sociological Method, a manifesto that explains what sociology is and how it should be carried out in 1895, and he established the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux. He founded L'Année Sociologique, the first French social science journal, in 1898. Its aim was to publish and promote the work of what had been an increasing number of students and collaborators by then (this is also the term used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological curriculum). He published Suicide in 1897, a case report that gave an example of what a sociological monograph might look like. Durkheim was one of the first to use quantitative techniques in criminology, which he used in his study of suicide.

Durkheim had finally fulfilled his ambition of being the Sorbonne's chair of education by 1902, when he assumed his first place in Paris. Durkheim had hoped for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to embrace what some called "sociological imperialism" and include social science in their curriculum. He became a full professor (more specifically, Professor of Education) in 1906, and he was named chair in "Education and Sociology" in 1913. Since French universities are strictly regulated for secondary school teachers, Durkheim's tenure gave him a lot of clout; his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory for the entire student body. Durkheim had a lot of influence on the younger generation of teachers; at the time, he served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education; at the same time, he was also an advisor. He published his last major work, The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life, in 1912.

Durkheim's life was going to be tragically influenced by World War I. In the sense that he was looking for a secular, rational way of life, his leftism was always patriotic rather than international. However, the outbreak of the conflict and the inevitable nationalist propaganda that followed made it impossible to keep this already nuanced position. Although Durkheim continued to assist his country during the war, his reluctance to surrender simplistic nationalist fervor (combined with his Jewish roots) made him a natural target for the now-infringed French Right. Also more importantly, the generations of students Durkheim's learned were now being drafted to serve in the army, many of whom were fighting in the trenches.

And lastly, André Durkheim's own son died on the war front in December 1915, a death from which Durkheim never recovered. Durkheim died of a stroke in Paris on November 15th, two years later in 1917. He was buried in Paris's Montparnasse Cemetery.

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