Dennis Brown

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Dennis Emmanuel Brown (January 1957 – July 1999) was a Jamaican reggae performer.

During his prolific career, which began in the late 1960s when he was 11 years old, he has sold more than 75 albums and is one of the top stars of lovers rock, a subgenre of reggae.

Brown was named as his favorite artist by Bob Marley, coining him "the Crown Prince of Reggae," and Brown's legacy would be destined to generations of reggae singers.

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Early life and career

Dennis Brown was born in Kingston, Jamaica, on February 1, 1957 at the Victoria Jubilee Hospital. Arthur was a scriptwriter, actor, and journalist, and he grew up in a large tenement yard in Kingston's North Street and King Street, with his parents, three elder brothers, and a sister, though his mother died in the 1960s. He began his singing career at the age of nine, while attending junior high school, with an end-of-term concert for the first time, although he had been devoted to American balladeers such as Brook Benton, Sam Cooke, Frank Sinatra, and Dean Martin. Nat King Cole was one of his early influences, according to him. He hung around JJ's record store on Orange Street in the rocksteady period, and his relatives and neighbors would often throw Brown pennies to see him perform in their yard. Brown's first professional appearance came at the age of 11. He attended "Tot" a local West Kingston Nightclub where his brother Basil was performing a comedy routine, and where he made a guest appearance with the Fabulous Falcons (a club that also included Cynthia Richards, David "Scotty" Scott, and Noel Brown), which culminated in his first professional appearance. He was invited to join the group as a featured vocalist because of his appearances. Brown performed two songs, "Unity" and Johnnie Taylor's "Ain't That Loving You," at the National Arena, and after the audience roared the stage with money, he was able to buy his first suit with the proceeds. Byron Lee, the bandleader, performed on the same bill and was sufficiently impressed with Brown to book him to appear on package shows starring visiting US artists, where he was billed as the "Boy Wonder."

Brown, as a young singer, was influenced by older contemporaries such as Delroy Wilson (who later cited as the single greatest influence on his style of singing), Errol Dunkley, John Holt, Ken Boothe, and Bob Andy. Brown's first album was "Lips of Wine" by producer Derrick Harriott, but the Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One label was released, and his first session yielded the single "No Man is an Island," which was released in late 1969 when Brown was aged twelve and released in late 1969. The single stayed on airplay for nearly a year before becoming a big hit in Jamaica. Brown appeared in up to a dozen sessions for Dodd, amounting to about thirty songs, and also performed as a backing singer on sessions by other artists, including providing harmonies with Horace Andy and Larry Marshall on Alton Ellis's Sunday Visiting album. Brown was recommended by fellow Studio One artist Ellis to learn guitar to help with his songwriting, and Ellis taught Dodd how to play an instrument. These Studio One recordings were released on two albums, No Man is an Island and If I Follow my Heart (the title song written by Alton Ellis), although Brown had left Studio One before being released. Lloyd Daley ("Baby Don't Do It"), "Things in Life"), Prince Buster ("One Day After"), "What About the Word"), and "What About the Woman"), before returning to work with Derrick Harriott ("Silhouettes," "Concentration," "He Can't Spell"), and "Musical Heatwave"), with the pick of these songs from his Super Reggae and Soul Hits album released in 1973. Brown has also performed on Vincent "Randy" Chin ("Cheater"), Dennis Alcapone ("I Was Lonely"), and Herman Chin Loy ("I Was Too Late"), among other things, with Brown still attending school at this point in his career.

Brown began an association in 1972 that would result in his fame as a world-renowned musician; he was asked by Joe Gibbs to record an album for him; and as a result, "Money in my Pocket" became a hit with UK reggae audiences and became a favorite of his live performances. This original version of "Money in my Pocket" was actually developed by Winston "Niney" Holness for Gibbs, with musical assistance from the Soul Syndicate. Brown appeared in a Christmas morning showcase in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, alongside Delroy Wilson, Scotty, Errol Dunkley, and the Fabulous Flames, where he was dubbed the "Boy Wonder of Jamaica" and was deemed the star of the performance in a local newspaper review. With the introduction of a deejay version, "A-So We Stay (Money in Hand), which outsold the original single and topped the Jamaican singles chart, the song's success was even more evident in the United Kingdom. Brown and Holness came close, even sharing a house in Pembroke Hall. Brown continued his involvement with Holness on "Westbound Train," the biggest Jamaican hit of summer 1973, and Brown's celebrity was confirmed when he was named Jamaica's top male vocalist in a Swing magazine poll the same year. Brown's success with "Cassandra" and "No More Will I Roam" continued to develop, and tracks such as "Africa" and "Love Jah," showcasing Brown's Rastafari faith, became staples on London's sound system scene. Brown was hospitalized as a result of overwork in 1973, but at the time, rumors that he only had one lung and had only a week to live, or had contracted tuberculosis were widespread. He was advised to take a long break from performing and instead focus on his college studies.

Brown, Cynthia Richards, Al Brown, Sharon Forrester, and The Maytals performed in the United Kingdom for the first time in late summer 1974, when he was offered to remain on for further dates (where he was backed by the Cimarons). He performed in the United Kingdom for the first time since his hospitalization, alongside producer Sydney Crooks and the Cimarons, and was backed by the Cimarons for the first time since his hospitalization. While Brown was in the United Kingdom, Gibbs released an album collecting album made earlier in Jamaica, titled "The Best of Dennis Brown," and Brown's first single to be released on the Synda label, "No More Will I Roam." He returned to Jamaica for Christmas but six weeks later, Holness as his business manager, was back in the UK, in the first Brown album to be released as a result of being Just Dennis, but the pair will be left out of pocket after Trojan's demise and subsequent buyout by Saga Records. Brown and Holness resurfaced in Jamaica on their return to Jamaica, with tracks for a new album including "So Long Rastafari," "Boasting," and "Open the Gate." Brown's first recordings on Brown's new DEB Music label began during 1975 and included one-off sessions for Sonia Pottinger ("If You Leave Me") and Bunny Lee ("So Much Pain"), a duet with Johnny Clarke. Brown and Holness arranged an agreement with local independent label owners Castro Brown (who owned Morpheus Records) and Larry Lawrence (Ethnic Fight) to sell their products in the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the Trojan's demise. Brown regarded the United Kingdom as the most significant market to target and appeared at the Georgian Club in Croydon for five nights in a row, raising money to launch his new DEB Music label with Castro Brown. Castro signed a recording contract with Radio London disc jockey Charlie Gillett for Morpheus (and hence DEB) output in early 1976, but the early DEB releases were affected by a lack of promotion following a dispute over Castro's separate supply of these records to London record shops. Brown performed two tracks at Lee "Scratch" Perry's Black Ark studio, "Take a Trip to Zion" and "Wolf and Leopard," the former of which was a hit in Jamaica and would later be one of Brown's most famous songs, with a lyric condemning those criminals who "rode the natty dread bandwagon." In a Black Echoes interview, Brown confessed that he had parted company with Holness, saying, "I was going along with one man's schemes for far too long." Niney was trying to find a new beat at any time, which was disconcerting, so I wasn't sure I was doing with my true abilities. Now I know that I can produce myself."

Brown and Joe Gibbs began working together again, with the understanding that in exchange for studio time for his own projects, Brown would allow Gibbs to use any rhythmic sequences that had been missed. Brown's first album from this arrangement, the 1977 release of Visions of Dennis Brown, brought him his best success to date, mixing conscious themes and love songs, as well as a confirming Brown's transition from child actor to grown up artist. On the back, Haile Selassie's biblical-themed sleeve and portrait completes the album's roots reggae tracks, including "Repatriation," "Jah Can Do It," and several Earl 16's "Malcolm X" and Clive Hunt's "Milk and Honey." The album debuted on the Black Echoes chart and stayed there well into the next year, but it was only available in the United Kingdom as an expensive product. Visions... was named Reggae album of the year by Melody Maker writers and was given the same award by readers of Black Echoes. A reissued "Wolf and Leopard" single as well as the eventual album release of the same name in the United Kingdom sold well, with both top the Black Echoes chart.

Brown toured the United Kingdom in 1976 with Big Youth, and the tour screamed: "It's like I was supposed to send such messages and now is the time to hand them over." Junior Delgado, his protege, had also started recording albums. Brown lived in London and opened a Battersea Rise, near Clapham Junction, in 1978, with artists including Junior Delgado, 15.16.17, Bob Andy Brown, Lennox Brown, and later, Gregory Isaacs. Brown had even more success with "How Could I Leave You," a twist on The Sharks' rocksteady staple "How Could I Live," with accompanying toast by Prince Mohamed. Brown travelled to Jamaica in March 1978, where he was booked at the last minute to appear at the One Love Peace Concert at the National Arena, backed by Lloyd Parks' We The People Band. Dennis Brown's visions were released through a partnership between Lightning Records and WEA, and the chart took first place in September 1978. Brown returned to the United Kingdom in August 1978, carrying Junior Delgado with him, and DEB Music released a number of singles, but they fell modestly compared to the label's earlier successes, but Brown's breakthrough single was the first single to be released in the same month. This single was first published as a discomix featuring a new version of "Money in my Pocket" and the deejay version "Cool Runnings," which became unavailable for a time after quickly selling out its first pressing, and it became one of Jamaica's biggest international hits in history, starting with soul clubs and then rock clubs. Brown was featured on the NME's front page in February 1979.

Brown's next two albums were both released on DEB – So Long Rastafari and Joseph's Coat of Many Colours – although the label was discontinued in 1979, after which Brown performed the rounds of Jamaica's top designers, as well as continuing self-productions with singles such as "The Little Village" and "Do I Worry?" In 1981, a man named in 1981 was born in 1981.

Brown signed an international deal with A&M Records in 1981 and is now based in the United Kingdom, his first album release for the label, "The Existence of Jah" and "The World is Troubled" were among the roots songs. Love Has Discovered It Way, a Gibbs/Brown/Willie Lindo performance that mixed lovers rock with a more pop sound in 1982, was not a huge success, but this was not a huge success. The Prophet Rides Again, the label's final album, mixed roots themes with commercial R&B style songs once more, and was his swansong for the brand. Although Brown's career took him in a more commercial pop direction, Kingston's music scene had shifted to the new age, with Brown faithfully adapting to the new format, including Prince Jammy and Gussie Clarke. He also started Yvonne's Special in the early 1980s, devoted to his wife. He collaborated with Gregory Isaacs on the album Two Bad Superstars Meet and the hit song "Let Off Supm," which was followed by an album starring the two stars in 1985. Brown did a lot of work in the 1980s, including the 1986 Jammy-produced Exit, but his biggest success of the decade came in 1989 with the Gussie Clarke-produced duet with Isaacs' "Big All Round" and the album Unchallenged. He continued to record in the 1990s, most notable on the Three Against War album released in 1995 with Beenie Man and Triston Palma, and Michael Bennett's albums. His name in the United States was lifted by a series of album debuts on RAS Records, and his fame in the United States was raised by a series of album launches. "Bob Marley was a good businessman," Tommy Cowan, who compared Brown to Bob Marley, who had also managed, said, "I don't think Dennis was as serious when it came to investment." Dennis was like a local guy, he would earn money and then give it away in one hour." Brown referred to his attempt to songwriting in the late 1990s:

Brown's 1994 album Light My Fire was nominated for a Grammy Award, as was Brown's last album, Let Me Be the One (2001).

Brown's health began to deteriorate in the late 1990s. He had respiratory difficulties, possibly exacerbated by long-standing heroin use, mainly cocaine, resulting in his being hospitalized in May 1999 while touring in Brazil with other reggae musicians, where he was diagnosed with pneumonia. He was rushed to Kingston University Hospital after returning to Kingston, Jamaica, on the evening of 30 June 1999, suffering from heart arrest. Brown died the next day after the official cause of his death was a collapsed lung. Former Prime Minister P. J. Patterson and former Prime Minister Edward Seaga of the Jamaica Labour Party both attended Brown's funeral in Kingston, which took place on July 17, 1999. Maxi Priest, Shaggy, and three of Brown's sons appeared at the service, which lasted for three hours. Brown was buried in Kingston's National Heroes Park. Brown was supported by his wife, Yvonne, and ten children. Dennis Brown has earned a reputation as one of the best and most versatile singers of our time, according to Prime Minister Patterson. He was formerly known as the Crown Prince of Reggae. He has left us with a large repertoire of songs that will continue to delight our hearts and minds for generations to come."

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