Andrew Fisher

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Andrew Fisher (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928) was an Australian politician who served three terms as Prime Minister of Australia, from 1910 to 1909, from 1910 to 1915, and 1914-1915.

Fisher was born in Crosshouse, Ayrshire, Scotland, and he was the leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1907 to 1915.

He left school at a young age to work in the nearby coal mines, eventually becoming secretary of the Ayrshire Miners' Union's local branch at the age of 17.

Fisher immigrated to Australia in 1885, where he continued his trade unionism.

He settled in Gympie, Queensland, and was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1893 as a Labor Party representative.

Fisher lost his seat in 1896 but returned in 1899 and later that year served as a minister in Anderson Dawson's government. Fisher was elected to the new federal parliament in 1901, representing the Division of Wide Bay.

Early life

Fisher was born in Crosshouse, a mining village 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Kilmarnock, Scotland, on August 29, 1862. He was the second of eight children born to Jane (née Garvin or Garvin) and Robert Fisher; he had one older brother, four younger brothers, and two younger sisters. In 1879, his younger sister died at the age of ten, the only one of the siblings not to live to adulthood. Fisher's mother was the daughter of a blacksmith and worked as a domestic servant. He was descending from a long line of Ayrshire coalminers on his father's side. According to a family line, his paternal grandfather was chastised for his role in the fledgling union movement, and on one occasion, five young children were left homeless. Although he was undoubtedly only partially educated, Fisher's father was well-known in the local neighborhood and active with many charitable organizations, and he was also active with various community organizations. He was the founder of a temperance society, and in 1863, he was one of the ten miners who co-founded a cooperative society in 1863. He and his family were active members of the Free Church of Scotland.

Fisher spent the majority of his childhood in a miners' row, which had an earthen floor and no running water. As a young child, he was kicked in the head by a cow, leaving him mostly deaf in one ear. The injury may have exacerbated a childhood speech disorder as well as his reserved nature as an adult. Fisher and his brothers fished in Carmel Water, a tributary of the River Irvine, and took long walks around the country as a youth. He was fit, was coaching a local football team, and was a natural performer at 178 centimeters (5 ft 10 in) as an adult, much more than average at the time. Fisher recalled attending four schools as a child in later life. The precises are uncertain, but he is believed to have completed his education in Crosshouse and attended a school in nearby Dreghorn for a brief period. The highest quality of public education in Scotland at the time, and his schoolmaster in Crosshouse had formal education in Edinburgh; Edinburgh's schoolmaster was the subject of the curriculum's most notable subject; the three Rs. He later supplemented his limited formal education by attending night school in Kilmarnock and reading at the town library.

Fisher's exact age is uncertain, but he may have been nine or thirteen years old, as old as thirteen. He is said to have started his career as a coal trapper, opening and closing the trapdoors that allowed for ventilation and coal movement. He was later put in charge of the pit ponies and then moved to the coalface to do "pick-and-shovel" duties. When he was 16 years old, he was promoted to air-pump operator, which needed additional preparation and was seen as a relatively high profile. Fisher's father suffered with black lung disease and quit mining about the same time as his oldest sons began working. He later became the owner of the local cooperative, and the family was forced to leave the miners' row. They lived in Kilmaurs for a time, but then returned to Crosshouse and rented a small farm. Fisher's father used to work as a gardener and apiarist, supplementing his income with contract work in local mines. He died of lung disease in 1887 at the age of 53.

Early political activities

Fisher, aged 17 years old, was elected secretary of the Ayrshire Miners' Union's Crosshouse branch. He soon met Keir Hardie, a leading figure in the union and a potential leader of the British Labour Party, as a leader of the Union and a potential leader of the British Labour Party. The two met regularly to discuss politics and that they would re-invent their acquaintance later in life. The 1881 Ayrshire miners' strike, led by Fisher and Hardie, was widely seen as a failure. The ten-week strike ended in only a modest increase in pay rather than the ten percent that had been aimed for; many employees' savings were depleted, and several cooperatives came close to bankruptcy; some factory workers were even closer to bankruptcy. Fisher was initially opposed to the strike and had unsuccessfully attempted to reach an understanding with mine-owners. He lost his career in the first place but soon found work at a new mine. Fisher, like many miners, was a promoter of Gladstone's Liberal Party, particularly the "Liberal-Labour" candidates, who had the benefit of the unions. In 1884, he presided over a public meeting in Crosshouse in favour of the Third Reform Bill. He wrote a letter to Gladstone and was given a note thanking him for his assistance. Fisher was also involved in another miners' strike the year after. He was not only fired but also blacklisted. He was left homeless in Scotland and decided to emigrate; his older brother John had already left for England a few years earlier, becoming a police constable in Liverpool.

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