Svante Arrhenius

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Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist.

Arrhenius, a physicist but more often referred to as a chemist, was one of the pioneers of physical chemistry research.

In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, becoming the first Swedish Nobel Laureate.

He became the first director of the Nobel Institute in 1905, where he stayed until his death.

David Keeling's contributions to science are immortalized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius acid, Martian crater Arrhenius, and Stockholm University's Arrhenius Labs.

Early years

Arrhenius was born in Vik (also spelled Wik or Wijk) near Uppsala, Sweden, Sweden's Kingdom and Norway, and Norway, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius, who were Lutheran. His father, who had been a land surveyor for Uppsala University, had taken up a supervisory role. Arrhenius learned to read without the encouragement of his parents, and he became an arithmetical prodigy by following his father's addition of numbers in his account books at the age of three. Arrhenius was ardently interested in mathematical analysis, data analysis, and determining their relationships and laws in later life.

He joined the local cathedral school in the fifth grade, distinguishing himself in physics and mathematics, and graduating as the youngest and most able student in 1876.

He was dissatisfied with Per Teodor Cleve, the chief physics instructor and the only faculty member who might have supervised him in chemistry at the University of Uppsala, so he began studying at the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm under physicist Erik Edlund in 1881.

His research was primarily focused on electrolytes' conductivities. He defended the doctorate at Uppsala in 1884, based on this research. It did not impress the professors, who included Cleve, and earned a fourth-class degree, but it was reclassified as third-class on its defense. He would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry if extensions of this very work.

In his 1884 thesis, Arrhenius laid out 56 of these works, the majority of which would now be accepted unchanged or with minor changes. The most significant part of the dissertation was his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolving, for which he will win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. Arrhenius' explanation was that the salt dissociates into charge particles that Michael Faraday had described many years ago. According to Faraday, ions were created in the process of electrolysis, implying that an external direct current source of electricity was required to produce ions. And in the absence of an electric current, Arrhenius suggested that aqueous salt solutions contained ions. Chemical reactions in solution, he said, were reactions between ions.

The dissertation did not impress the professors at Uppsala, but Arrhenius sent it to a number of scientists in Europe who were researching the new science of physical chemistry, such as Rudolf Clausius, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. They were much more impressed, and Ostwald came to Uppsala to convince Arrhenius to join his research team. Arrhenius declined, however, because he wanted to remain in Sweden-Norway for a while (his father was seriously sick and would die in 1885) and had received a visit to Uppsala.

Arrhenius proposed acids and bases in 1884 as an extension of his ionic theory. Acids, he said, were reactants that create hydrogen ions in solution and that bases were polymerized hydroxide ions in solution.

Arrhenius' second voyage award from the Swedish Academy of Sciences enabled him to study with Ostwald in Riga (now Latvia), along with Friedrich Kohlrausch in Graz, Austria, and Jacobus van 't Hoff in Amsterdam.

Arrhenius explained in 1889 that most reactions require increased heat energy to proceed by inventing the concept of activation energy, which must be overcome before two molecules react. The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis for the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction occurs.

He became a lecturer at the Stockholm University College in 1891, after being promoted to professor of physics (with a lot of resistance) in 1895 and rector in 1896.

Around 1900, Arrhenius became involved in the establishment of the Nobel Institutes and Nobel Prizes. In 1901, he was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He will serve as a member of the Nobel Committee on Physics and a de facto member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry for the remainder of his life. (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst, Dmitri Mendeleev): He used his positions to buy prizes for his friends (Jacobus van't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to try to deny them to his rivals (Paul Ehrlich, a.v. Despite widespread resistance, Arrhenius was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1901. He became the first Swede to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. He was named rector of the institute in 1905, the position where he remained until retirement in 1927, in 1905, following the founding of the Nobel Institute for Physical Research at Stockholm.

He was named in 1911 as the first Willard Gibbs Award winner.

In 1909, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Netherlands Chemical Society.

In 1910, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).

He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1912.

He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1919.

Arrhenius's theories were eventually accepted, and he moved to other scientific fields. In 1902, he began to investigate physiological causes in terms of chemical theory. He found that enzyme reactions in living organisms and in the test tube were consistent with those in the test tube.

In 1904, he delivered a course of lectures at the University of California, the aim of which was to demonstrate the application of physical chemistry methods to the study of toxins and antitoxins, which were first published in 1907 under the name Immunochemistry. He also concentrated on geology (the source of ice ages), astronomy, physical cosmology, and astrophysics, with the Solar System's formation accounted for the first solar system since the interstellar collision. He believed that radiation pressure was responsible for comets, the solar corona, the aurora borealis, and zodiacal light.

According to Panspermia's theory, life may have been moved from planet to planet by spore transfer. He was unaware of the possibility of a universal language and suggested a reform of the English language.

He was a board member of the Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene (founded 1909), which promoted mendelism at the time, and he was a contributor to the topic of condoms around 1910. However, contraceptives were not available in Sweden until 1938, and condoming was not permitted. Svante Arrhenius, according to Gordon Stein, was an atheist. He wrote both textbooks and popular books in his last years, emphasizing the need for more research on the subjects he addressed. He died on October 2nd, 1927, after suffering from acute intestinal tarrh. He was buried in Uppsala.

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