Sri Aurobindo

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Sri Aurobindo Ghose, a Hindu scholar, yogi, writer, and nationalist, born in 1872, died on December 5th, 1950.

For a while, he was one of the country's most influential figures and then became a spiritual reformer, sharing his thoughts on human growth and spiritual evolution. At King's College, Cambridge, England, Aurobindo studied for the Indian Civil Service.

After returning to India, he took up various civil service jobs under the maharaja of Baroda's princely state of Baroda and became increasingly involved in nationalist politics and Bengal's nascent revolutionary movement.

He was arrested in the aftermath of a string of bombings relating to his company, but Aurobindo was only found and jailed for writing articles against British rule in India in a high public trial.

Following the murder of Narendranath Goswami, a trial witness, during the shooting, he was released when no evidence was available.

During his time in prison, he had mystical and spiritual experiences, which led to his move to Pondicherry, where he moved to Pondicherry, leaving politics for spiritual pursuits. During his stay in Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo introduced Integral Yoga, a form of spiritual training.

The transformation of human life into a divine dream was the central theme of his vision.

He believed in a spiritual awakening that not only liberated man but also changed his personality, enabling a divine life on earth.

He established the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926, with the help of his spiritual collaborator, Mirra Alfassa (referred to as "The Mother"). The Life Divine, which discusses philosophical aspects of Integral Yoga; Synthesis of Yoga, which provides practical advice to Integral Yoga; and Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol, an epic poem.

Early life

Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, India, on August 15, 1872, in a Bengali family that was associated with the village of Konnagar in the Hooghly district of present-day West Bengal. Krishna Dhun Ghose, his father, a former Rangpur surgeon and later a civil surgeon of Khulna, and a founder of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who had been taken enamoured with the then-new idea of evolution while doing medical studies in Edinburgh, was later identified with the then-new vision of evolution. Shri Rajnarayan Bose, the son of Swarnalata Devi's mother, was a leading figure in the Samaj. For Aurobindo's birth, she had been sent to Calcutta's more hospitable surroundings. Benoybhusan and Manmohan, younger sister Sarojini, and a younger brother, Barindra Kumar (also known as Barin) were among Aurobindo's elder siblings.

Young Aurobindo was taught English but servants were primarily employed in Hindustani. Although his family was Bengali, his father believed that British culture was superior. In part to increase their language skills and distance them from their mother, who had developed a mental disorder soon after the birth of her first child, he and his two older siblings were sent to an English-speaking Loreto House boarding school in Darjeeling. Darjeeling was a center of Anglo-Indians, and the school was operated by Irish nuns, whose students would have been exposed to Christian religious teachings and symbolism, which would have benefitted the boys.

Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his sons to join the Indian Civil Service (ICS), an elite group of about 1000 individuals. To do this, they had to study in England, and so it was there that the whole family immigrated in 1879. The three brothers were taken care of in Manchester by Reverend W. H. Drewett. Drewett, a minister of the Congregational Church of Krishna Dhun Ghose, knew him through his British friends at Rangpur.

Dr.wett and his wife taught the boys Latin. It was a prerequisite for admission to good English schools, and the elder two siblings were enrolled at Manchester Grammar School in 1881, two years ago. Aurobindo was considered too young for enrollment, and he continued his studies with the Drewetts, learning history, Latin, French, geography, and arithmetic. Although the Drewetts were advised not to teach religion, the boys were nevertheless exposed to Christian teachings and activities, which often bore Aurobindo and occasionally disapproved him. There was no contact with his father, who wrote just a few letters to his sons while they were in England, but what we did know suggested that he was less endeared to the British colonial government in India than he had been, even though he had been "heartless."

Drewett emigrated to Australia in 1884, causing the boys to be evicted as they went to live with Drewett's mother in London. Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Paul's School in September of that year. He learned Greek and English poetry for three years, while also learning German and Italian languages; Peter Heehs reminisces that his language skills developed at "the turn of the century; English, French, and Bengali; and Sanskrit; and Spanish, German, and French; and Spanish, German, and Spanish; and Italian, German, and Hindi; and Spanish, German, and Spanish; and Italian, German, and Spanish books to read and write; and Spanish, German, and German, Drewett's mother's faith instilled in him aversion for faith, and he seemed to be an atheist at one point, but later found that he was agnostic. In 2007, A blue plaque was unveiled to commemorate Aurobindo's residence at 49 St Stephen's Avenue in Shepherd's Bush, London, from 1884 to 1887. During 1887, the three brothers began living in spartan conditions at the Liberal Club in South Kensington, with their father suffering with financial difficulties. James Cotton, the club's secretary, was responsible for the Bengal ICS's discovery of Henry Cotton, the brother of their father's friend.

Manmohan had been determined to pursue a literary career by 1889, and Benoybhusan had established himself as a candidate for the ICS exam. This meant that only Aurobindo could fulfill his father's aspirations, but only if his father had enough funds to pay for a scholarship would be able to do so. Candidates were required to pass the competitive examination before being allowed to attend an English university for two years as a student on probation in order to become an ICS official. Under Oscar Browning's guidance, Aurobindo received a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge. After a few months, he passed the written ICS examination, placing him 11th out of 250 competitors. He spent the next two years at King's College. Aurobindo had no interest in the ICS and had arrived late to the horse-riding practical exam in order to disqualify him from the service.

Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the Maharaja of Baroda, was traveling in England at this time. Cotton arranged for him a place in Baroda State Service and arranged for him to meet the prince. He left England for India in February 1893, and he landed there in February 1893. Krishna Dhun Ghose, a boy in India, was mistakenly told by his Bombay (now Mumbai) that the ship on which Aurobindo was traveling had sunk off the coast of Portugal. On hearing this news, his father died.

Aurobindo began serving in Baroda in 1893 and spent first in the Survey and Settlements Branch, later on to the Secretariat, and later, miscellaneous duties such as teaching grammar and assisting in writing speeches for the Maharaja of Gaekwad until 1897. He began working as a part-time French teacher at Baroda College in 1897 (now Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda). He was later promoted to vice-principal and vice versa. Aurobindo and Bengali Sanskrit and Bengali were self-studied at Baroda, Bengali and Sanskrit.

During his Baroda stay, he had contributed to many publications to Indu Prakash and had served as a chairman of the Baroda college board. He started becoming involved in the politics of India's post-colonial rule, and he was assisting him behind the scenes as his position in the Baroda state administration barred him from engaging in overt political activity. When traveling to these countries, he worked with resistance organisations in Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. Aurobindo established contact with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita.

Aurobindo travelled between Baroda and Bengal at first in an attempt to re-establish links with his parents' and other Bengali relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and later formed resistance groups across the Presidency. After the announcement of the Partition of Bengal, he officially migrated to Calcutta in 1906. He married 14-year-old Mrinalini, the daughter of Bhupal Bose, a senior official in the public service, in 1901 on a visit to Calcutta. At that time, Aurobindo was 28 years old. Mrinalini died seventeen years later during the influenza pandemic in December 1918.

Aurobindo, the first principal of the National College in Calcutta, was appointed in 1906 and began to offer national education to Indian students. In August 1907, he resigned from this position due to his increased political activity. The National College, which also happens as Jadavpur University, Kolkata, is also known as the University of Jadavpur.

Aurobindo's studies on revolt and revolutions against England in medieval France and Italy's civil revolts have inspired him. He favored Non cooperation and Passive resistance in his public appearances; in private, he disguised revolutionary activity as a prelude to a violent revolution, if passive revolt floated.

He established contacts and inspired revolutionaries in Bengal, including Barin's assistance, such as Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukherjee and Surendranath Tagore. He helped establish a number of youth clubs, including the Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta in 1902.

Aurobindo attended the 1906 Congress meeting chaired by Dadabhai Naoroji and served as a councilor in establishing the fourfold objectives of "Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national education" as a guide. He led alongside moderates and militants during a big showdown in 1907 at the Surat session of Congress, where moderates and militants had a major confrontation. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the jihadists gathered in 1907. Following this session, the Congress adjourned. In 1907-1908, Aurobindo travelled extensively to Pune, Bombay, and Baroda to solidify support for the nationalist cause, giving addresses and consulting with groups. In May 1908, he was arrested in connection with the Alipore Bomb case. Following the assassination of chief prosecution witness Naren Goswami inside jail cells that later resulted in the lawsuit against him collapsing, he was cleared. After a year of segregation, Aurobindo was released later.

After being released from jail, he began two new journals, Karmayogin in English and Dharma in Bengali. He also spoke in Uttarpara, hinting at the shift of his attention away from spiritual to spiritual issues. His repression by the British colonial government against him continued, but Aurobindo migrated to Pondicherry, where the British colonial secret police tracked his movements.

In July 1905, Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, partitioned Bengal. This triggered a surge of national outrage against the British, sparking civil strife and a nationalist movement led by Aurobindo's organizations of revolutionaries. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to murder Magistrate Kingsford in 1908, a judge who is known for handing down particularly harsh sentences against nationalists. However, the bomb detonated in his horse carriage and instead crashed in a different carriage, killing two British women, barrister Pringle's wife and daughter. Aurobindo was also arrested on suspicion of planning and directing the attack and being detained in Alipore's solitary detention. The trial of the Alipore Bomb Case lasted for a year, but he was cleared on May 6, 1909. Chittaranjan Das, his defense counsel, was drafted.

His perspective of life was dramatically altered during this period of Jail, thanks in large part to spiritual experiences and realizations. His concern went far beyond the country's service and secession.

In my private meditation and felt my presence, Aurobindo said he was "visited" by Vivekananda in the Alipore Jail: "It's a fact that I was hearing Vivekananda's voice constantly in the jail for a fortnight."

Aurobindo said he had a deep sense of calm when he first returned to India. He could not explain this and continued to have a variety of such experiences from time to time. He knew nothing about yoga at the time and started his exercise without a mentor, except for some rules that he learned from Mr. Devadhar, a friend of Swami Brahmananda of Ganga Math, Chandod, Chandod. Barin introduced Aurobindo to Vishnu Bhaskar Lele, a Maharashtrian yogi, in 1907. Aurobindo was inspired by the yogi's teachings in Aurobindo to depend on an internal guide rather than seeking advice from an outsider.

In 1910, Aurobindo stopped all political pursuits and went into hiding at Chandannagar in the house of Motilal Roy, when the British colonial government attempted to sue him for sedition on the grounds of a signed book titled "To My Countrymen." The warrant was issued as Aurobindo vanished from view, and the trial was delayed. Aurobindo manoeuvred the police into open action, and a warrant was issued on April 4th, 1910, but it could not be executed because it was postponed until Pondicherry, then a French colony. The warrant against Aurobindo was cancelled.

Sri Aurobindo dedicated himself to his spiritual and philosophical pursuits in Pondicherry. In 1914, after four years of seclusion, he founded Arya, a monthly philosophical journal. In 1921, this was the first time an actual publication was published. Many years later, he revised some of these works before they were published in book form. The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, Essays on The Gita, The Mystic Fire, The Mystic Fire, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, War and Self-determination, The Ideal of Human Unity, and The Future Poetry were among the book collections that were published in this issue.

There were few followers at the start of his Pondicherry stay, but with time, their numbers increased, resulting in the formation of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926. Sri Aurobindo, a name often used as an honorific, has appeared from 1926.

His most notable literary output after a time was his voluminous correspondence with his disciples. His letters, the bulk of which were written in the 1930s, reached their thousands. Some were brief remarks made in the margins of his disciple's notebooks as an answer to their questions and reports of their spiritual practices; others extended to several pages of carefully researched details of his teachings. These were later collected and published in book form in three volumes of Letters on Yoga. He revived work on a poem he had started earlier in the 1930s, and the rest of his life continued to expand and revise it. Savitri, an epic literary poem in a blank verse of about 24,000 lines, was perhaps his highest literary achievement.

Sri Aurobindo slammed India's partition on August 15, 1947, saying that he wished "the Nation would not accept the established fact as for ever settled or as something more than a temporary expedient."

In 1943 for the Nobel Prize in Literature and in 1950 for the Nobel Prize in Peace, Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Nobel Prize without it being awarded.

Sri Aurobindo died of uremia on December 5th, 1950. Around 60,000 people attended his body's peaceful repose. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, and President Rajendra Prasad lauded him for his contributions to Yogic philosophy and the independence movement. His death was commemorated in national and international newspapers.

Mirra Alfassa, Sri Aurobindo's close spiritual collaborator, came to be known as The Mother. She was a French national born in Paris on February 21st, 1878. Max Theon taught occultism in her twenties. She and her partner, Paul Richard, went to Pondicherry on March 29, 1914, and then settled there in 1920. Sri Aurobindo regarded her as his spiritual equal and collaborator. After Sri Aurobindo's seclusion of November 24, 1926, he left it to her to plan, build, and manage the ashram, the congregation of disciples had gathered around them. She established and directed the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, which carried out the school's experiments in the field of education some time after. When he died in 1950, she continued their spiritual life, supervised the ashram, and guided their disciples.

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