Malcolm Fraser

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John Malcolm Fraser (21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015) was an Australian politician who served as Australia's 22nd Prime Minister from 1975 to 1983 as the head of the Liberal Party. Fraser was raised on his father's sheep stations and returned to Australia to take over the family's home in the Western District of Victoria.

He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1955, after a first loss in 1954. He was born in the Division of Wannon.

He was 25 at the time, making him one of the youngest people to be elected to parliament.

Fraser was appointed Minister of the Army by Harold Holt as Prime Minister in 1966.

Fraser became Minister of Education and Science (1968-1969) and then Minister for Defence (1969–1971). Following Holt's disappearance and replacement by John Gorton, Fraser became Minister for Education and Science (1968–1969) and then Minister for Defence (1969–1971).

Fraser resigned from cabinet and described Gorton as "unfit to hold the prime minister's office" in 1971; this led to the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon.

Early life

On May 20, 1930, John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak, Victoria, Australia. He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold (née Woolf) and John Neville Fraser, although Lorraine Fraser, his older sister, was born in 1928. Both he and his father were identified solely by their middle names. Sir Simon Fraser, his paternal grandfather, was born in Nova Scotia, Canada, and died in Australia in 1853. He began as a railway engineer and later acquired substantial pastoral estates, becoming a "squattocracy" member. Louis Woolf, Fraser's maternal grandfather, was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, and migrated to Australia as an infant. He was of Jewish origins, a fact that his grandson did not discover until he was an adult. Amy Booth, a chartered accountant by trade, married Amy Booth, who was connected to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern.

Fraser had a political history on both directions of his family's life. His father served on the Wakool Shire Council for two years, as president for two years, and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey. Simon Fraser served in both houses of Victoria's colonial Parliament and represented Victoria at several of the 1890s' constitutional conventions. He served from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties, making him one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate. Louis Woolf ran for the Senate in 1901 as a Free Trader in Western Australia. He received only 400 votes throughout the state, and was never considered a candidate for public office again.

Fraser spent the majority of his childhood at Balpool-Nyang, a 15,000-acre sheep station on the Edward River near Moulamein, New South Wales. His father obtained a law degree from Magdalen College, Oxford, but he never followed law and chose the life of a grazier rather than a scholar. When he was eight years old, Fraser suffered with a severe case of pneumonia that almost became fatal. He was home-schooled until the age of ten, when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands. He lived at Tudor House from 1940 to 1943, followed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948, where he was a member of Rusden House. He stayed in a flat on Collins Street while at Melbourne Grammar. Fraser's father sold Balpool-Nyang, which had been drought-prone, and bought Naen in the Western District of Victoria in 1943. He was devastated by the selling of his childhood home and thought the day he learned about it was the worst of his life.

Fraser, a 1950 graduate, came to Oxford to study at Magdalen College, which his father also attended. He read Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, graduating in 1952 with third-class honors. Despite Fraser's academic success, he regarded his Oxford years as his intellectual awakening, where he learned "how to think." Harry Weldon, his college tutor, commanded a lot of attention. Raymond Bonham Carter, Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, and John Turner were among his Oxford classmates. He had a romance with Anne Reid in his second year, who later became a well-known poet. Fraser considered a law degree or joining the British Army after graduating, but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the family's management.

Personal life

Fraser married Tamara "Tamie" Beggs, who was almost six years old at the time, on December 9, 1956. They had met at a New Year's Eve party and bonded over common personal and political convictions. Mark (b. ): Mark (b. ): The couple had four children together. Angela (b. 1958) - Angela (b. Hugh (b. 1959) Hugh (British) Hugh (b. b. ) Hugh (b. Phoebe (b. 1963) and Phoebe (b. ) 1966: A history of the United States Tamie used to help her husband campaign, and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved appearance. She guided him on the majority of his career's key decisions, and in retirement she said, "If she had been Prime Minister in 1983, we would have won."

Fraser attended Anglican schools, but his parents were Presbyterian. He was attracted to atheism in college, although he later wrote, "the belief that God exists is nonsense." However, his convictions became less definite with time and tilted toward agnosticism. In a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly, he occasionally self-described as Christian throughout his political career. Margaret Simons, Fraser's co-author, wrote that he was "not religious" and that "religion is a necessary thing." "I would probably like to be less logical and, you know, really able to believe there is a god, whether it's Allah, the Christian god, or some other – but you will never know."

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Early political career

In mid-1952, Fraser returned to Australia. He began attending Young Liberal meetings in Hamilton and became acquainted with many of the local party leaders. Fraser unexpectedly gained Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon, which covered the majority of Victoria's Western District in November 1953. Dan Mackinnon, the former Liberal member of the United Kingdom, had been defeated in 1951 and migrated to a new electorate. Magnus Cormack, who had just lost his seat in the Senate, was supposed to replace him. Fraser had put his name forward as a way to raise the bar for future candidates, but he had a solid campaign and gained just barely to win in the end. In January 1954, he initiated 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool, the first in a series of weekly radio broadcasts named One Australia. His program, which consisted of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue, was widely distributed in journals and was often reprinted in newspapers. It lasted more or less uninterrupted until his resignation from politics in 1983, aided in his building a large personal following in his constituency.

Fraser lost by 17 votes to sitting Labour member Don McLeod at the 1954 election (out of over 37,000 votes). However, he regained his candidacy in the early '55 election after a redistribution that had made Wannon seemingly Liberal. McLeod concluded that the reconstituted Wannon was unwinnable and resigned. Fraser was able to win by these causes, as well as the 1955 Labor Party split.

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