Louis Comfort Tiffany

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Career

Tiffany began painting but became interested in glassmaking around 1875 and spent time in several glasshouses in Brooklyn between 1878 and 1878. He formed Louis Comfort Tiffany and Associated American Artists in 1879 with Candace Wheeler, Samuel Colman, and Lockwood de Forest. The company was short-lived, with just four years in existence. The company created wallpaper, furniture, and textiles. He later opened his own glass factory in Corona, New York, determined to produce glass with improved glass quality. Tiffany's leadership and talent, as well as his father's money and contacts, aided the company in thriving.

Tiffany did the interior of the Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut, which still stands, but the new company's most notable work came in 1882, when President Chester Alan Arthur refused to enter the White House until it had been redecorated. Arthur decommissioned Tiffany, who had begun to make a name for himself in New York city's interior design work, to redo the state rooms, which Arthur found charming. Tiffany worked on the East Room, the Blue Room, the State Dining Room, and the Entrance Hall, refining in decorative styles, installing newly designed mantelpieces, upgrading to wallpaper with dense designs, and, of course, adding Tiffany glass to gaslight fixtures and windows, as well as a glass screen in the Entrance Hall. In the 1902 Roosevelt renovations, the Tiffany screen and other Victorian additions were all removed, which brought the White House interiors to Federal style in keeping with the White House's architecture.

Tiffany's decision to open his own glassblowing business the same year caused the company's demise in 1885. The first Tiffany Glass Company was established on December 1, 1885, and the Tiffany Studio was established in 1902 as the Tiffany Studio.

Tiffany used inexpensive jelly jars and bottles in the beginning of his career because they had the mineral impurities that finer glass lacked. He began making his own glass when he was struggling to persuade fine glassmakers to leave the impurities out. Tiffany created a unique style of stained glass by using opalescent glass in a variety of colors and textures. Tiffany obtained Stanford Bray's patent (https://patents.google.com/patent/US349424A/en) for the "copper foil" method, which, by edging each piece of cut glass with copper foil and soldering the whole assembly to make his windows and lamps, enabled a level of detail previously unhearded. This can be compared to the traditional method of producing stained glass in Europe, where enamel or glass paint on colorless glass is painted and then set the glass pieces in lead channels.

The First Presbyterian Church building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was described as unique in that it uses Tiffany windows that partially make use of painted glass. The Arts and Crafts movement and its leader William Morris in England inspired the use of colored glass to produce stained glass images. Oliver Kimberly and Frank Duffner, the Duffner and Kimberly Company's founders and John La Farge, were Tiffany's top customers in this emerging American style of stained glass. Tiffany, Duffner, and Kimberly, as well as La Farge, learned their craft in Brooklyn in the late 1870s.

Tiffany was said to have been "overwhelmed" by Émile Gallé's glass work, a French Art Nouveau artisan, at the Paris Exposition in 1889. Alphonse Mucha had also met him.

Tiffany Glass Furnaces, which was headquartered in Corona, Queens, New York, was founded in 1893 by Tiffany Glass Company, later known as Tiffany Glass Furnaces. Arthur J. Nash was hired by the Englishman to run it. In 1893, his company adopted the word Favrile in association with his first glass factory's first glass production. In the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, there were early examples of his lamps on display. He received a gold medal for his stained glass windows at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris.

On November 13, 1894, he trademarked Favrile (from the old French word for handmade). He later used the term "ghost" to describe all of his glass, enamel, and pottery. Tiffany's first commercially produced lamps date back to 1895. The majority of his company's output was concentrated on stained glass windows and Tiffany lamps, but his firm also created a complete range of interior decor. More than 300 artisans were employed by his factory at its highest point. According to Martin Eidelberg's latest research, a group of talented single woman designers, often referred to as the "Tiffany Girls," led by Clara Driscoll, was instrumental in the creation of several of the famous Tiffany lamps' floral patterns as well as other works.

The Tiffany interiors also made a good use of mosaics. The mosaics workshop, which was largely staffed by women, was not operated by women until 1898 by Swiss-born sculptor and designer Jacob Adolphus Holzer.

Tiffany & Co., the jewelry company established by his father in 1902, became the first design director for Tiffany & Co.

In 1911, the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City was the installation of an enormous glass curtain. Some believe it to be a masterpiece.

Tiffany used all his experience in the construction of his own house, the 84-room Laurelton Hall in Long Island, New York, which was completed in 1905. Later this estate was gifted to his art students along with 60 acres (243,000 m2) of property, which was sold in 1949 and destroyed by a fire in 1957.

Source

Awards and honors

• 1893: 44 medals, World Columbian Exposition (Chicago)
• 1900: gold medal, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour (France)
• 1900: grand prix, Paris Exposition
• 1901: grand prix, St. Petersburg Exposition
• 1901: gold medal, Buffalo Exposition
• 1901: gold medal, Dresden Exposition
• 1902: gold medal and special diploma, Turin Exposition
• 1904: gold medal, Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis
• 1907: gold medal, Jamestown Exposition
• 1909: grand prize, Seattle Exposition
• 1915: gold medal, Panama Exposition
• 1926: gold medal, Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition