José Martí

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Mart, a Spanish emperor, began his political activism at an early age. He travelled extensively in Spain, Latin America, and the United States, raising hopes and support for Cuban independence. His unification of the Cuban émigré community, particularly in Florida, was vital to the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a key figure in this war's planning and execution, as well as the organiser of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and its ideology. On May 19, 1895, he died in military service at Battle of Dos Ros. Mart is regarded as one of the twentieth century's top Latin American intellectuals. A collection of poems, essays, letters, lectures, a book, and a children's magazine are among his published books.

He wrote for many Latin American and American newspapers, as well as establishing a number of newspapers. Patria, his newspaper, was a pivotal piece in his Cuban independence movement. Many of his verses from the book Versos Sencillos (Simple Verses) were adapted to the song "Guantana," which has since become a popular representative song of Cuba. In all of his books, which were influential on Nicaraguan poet Rubén Daro and Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, freedom, liberty, and democracy are prominent themes. Mart's ideology became a major driving force in Cuban politics following the 1959 Cuban Revolution. He is also known as Cuba's "martyr."

Life

José Julián Martpérez was born in Havana, on January 28, 1853, to Spanish parents, a Valencian father, Mariano Marta Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a Canary Islands immigrant. Mart was the older brother to seven siblings: Leonor, Mariana, Mara del Carmen, Mara del Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia, and Dolores. He was baptized in Santo baptizestodio's church on February 12. When he was four, his family migrated from Cuba to Valencia, Spain, but two years later, they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local public school in Santa Clara, where his father served as a prison guard.

In 1865, he enrolled in the Escuela Superior Municipal de Varones, which was led by Rafael Mara de Mendive. Mendive was instrumental in Mart's political philosophy. Fermn Valdés Domnguez, the son of a wealthy slave-owning family, was also instrumental in his growth of a political and political conscience. After learning of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Mart and other young students' sorrow, expressed in April of this year—through collective mourning—for the death of a man who had ordered the abolition of slavery in the United States. Mart Ense Ense (Anza, 1866), where Mendive's studies were funded, he attended the Instituto de Segunda Ensenema.

Marta began drawing lessons at Escultura de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana in September 1867, which was then known as Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro. He wished to prosper in this area but didn't find success in the industry. He attended the University of San Pablo, which Mendive founded and operated, where he assisted Mendive in the second and third years of his bachelor's degree and helped with the school's administrative duties. A Micaela, A Micaela, wrote in April 1868 to A Micaela's wife, Mendive's wife. En la Muerte de Miguel ngel appeared in Guanabaco's newspaper El lbum.

Clubs of support for the Cuban nationalist cause emerged all over Cuba, with José and his colleague Fermn joining them. Mart had a necessive desire for Cuba's independence and independence. He began writing poems about this dream and then started doing something to fulfill this aspiration. He published his first political articles in the first edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo, published by Fermn Valdés Domnny in 1869. He also wrote "Abdala," a patriotic drama in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which he also published himself. Nubia, a fictional world, which is struggling for independence, is the subject of "Abdala." His sonnet "10 de Octubre," which later became one of his most popular poems, was also written during that year and appeared in his school newspaper later that year.

Collective authorities in March closed the school, disrupting Mart's studies. He began to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at an early age; in the meantime, he developed a phobia of slavery, which was still prevalent in Cuba.

He was arrested and sentencing in the Spanish government's national jail on October 21, 1869, aged 16, following the discovery of a "reproving" letter sent by Mart and Fermn to a friend when the cousin joined the Spanish army. Marty confessed to the charges more than four months later and was sentenced to six months in jail. His mother attempted to save her son (who was still a teenager) by writing letters to the government and his father went to a lawyer friend for legal assistance, but the attempts fell short. Martynne finally fell sick; his legs were heavily laced with the chains that tied him. As a result, he was moved from Isla de Pinos to another part of Cuba rather than further prison. Following that, the Spanish authorities decided to exile him to Spain. Marta, a student at the University of Barcelona, was allowed to continue his studies in the hopes of reserving his Spanish citizenship.

Marta debuted aboard the steam ship Guipuzcoa in January 1871, transferring him from Havana to Cádiz. He lived in Desenga, Spain, in a guesthouse. #10 is the same as the previous one. Upon arriving in the capital, he talked to Carlos Sauvalle, a Cuban who had been deported to Spain a year before Mart and whose house served as a center of reunions for Cubans in exile. Mart's newspaper La Soberania Nacional in Cádiz, published his article "Castillo" on March 24, in which he recalled the pains of a friend who was in jail. In Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and New York's La Repblica, this article will be reprinted. Mart's name has been published as a member of independent research in the Central University of Madrid's law faculty at this time. Mart notably participated in discussion about the Cuban crisis while studying here, debating in the Spanish press and publishing papers condemning Spanish activities in Cuba.

Mart's maltreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and subsequent removal to Spain in 1871 sparked a book, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, which was released in July. This pamphlet was designed to compel the Spanish people to do something about Cuba's brutalities, as well as promote Cuban independence. La Prensa newspaper was accused of shaming the Cuban people in Madrid in September, according to El Jurado Federal, Mart, and Sauvalle. Marteneo and the National Library, the Café de los Artistas, and the British, Swiss, and Iberian brewers were among his visits to Madrid during his stay. In November, he became ill and had an operation that was paid for by Sauvalle.

Eight medical students, who had been suspected (without evidence), of the desecration of a Spanish grave in Havana on November 27, 1871. Fermn Valdés was arrested in June 1872 as a result of the November 27 tragedy. His six-year prison term was pardoned, and he was exiled to Spain, where he reunited with Marta. The printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 November 1871) by Martn Valdés Domnguez and Pedro J. de la Torre circulated in Madrid on November 27, 1872. On the first anniversary of the medical students' execution, a group of Cubans held a funeral in the Caballero de Gracia church.

Fermn Valdés published Mart's "A mis Muertos Muertos el 27 de Noviembre," in 1873. The Cuban flag emerged in Madrid in February for the first time in history, hanging from Mart's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he had lived for a few years. The Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes on February 11, 1873, proclaimed Cuba as incomparable to Spain, and sent it to the Prime Minister, pointing out that this newly elected body of deputies that had declared a republic based on democracy had been hypocritical not to deny Cuba its independence. Nestor Ponce de Leon, a member of the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary committee of New York), told him of his contributions to the struggle for Cuba's independence.

In May, he and Fermn Valdés accompanied him to Zaragoza to continue his law studies at Universidad Literaria. Several articles from Mart's newspaper La Cuestión Cubana de Sevilla were published.

Mart has obtained a degree in Civil Law and Canon Law in June 1874. He registered as an external student at Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where he completed his education by October in August. He returned to Madrid in November and then moved to Paris. Victor Hugo and Auguste Vacquerie, a writer, and Auguste Vacquerie were among the people who visited them. He started from Le Havre for Mexico in December 1874. Mart deterred from returning to Cuba, Marta went instead to Mexico and Guatemala. During these travels, he taught and wrote, insisting on continuing for Cuba's unification.

Mart lived on Calle Moneda, Mexico City's northeast, a prominent location of the day. Manuel Antonio Mercado, the Secretary of the Distrito Federal, who became one of Mart's closest friends, lived one floor above him. He published his first article for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, a broadsheet discussing politics, literature, and general industry trade on March 2, 1875. In Revista Universal, Hugo's Mes Fils (1874)'s Spanish translation began serialization on March 12. Mart later joined the editorial staff, where he was responsible for editing the Boletn section of the magazine.

He expressed his views about current events in Mexico in these writings. In La Colonia Espaola, a newspaper for Spanish people living in Mexico, he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence demonstrations. Sociedad Gorostiza Society (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Mart as a member, where he met Carmen Zayas Bazán, his future wife, during his frequent visits to her Cuban father's house to speak with the Gorostiza group in December.

On January 1, 1876, in Oaxaca, rebels against Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada's government, led by Gen. Porfirio D'az, declared the Plan de Tuxtepec, which sparked a bloody civil war. Marty and my Mexican colleagues founded the Sociedad Alarcón, which is made up of dramatists, actors, and critics. Mart, who began working with the newspaper El Socialista as the head of the Gran Crculo Obreiro (Great Labour Circle) group of liberals and reformists that favored Lerdo de Tejada, began in 1998. The newspaper suggested a group of candidates, including Mart, to the first Congreso Obrero, or the workers' congress in March. Mart was voted delegate to the Congreso Obrero by La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society) on June 4, according to La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society). Mart's article Alea Jacta Est in the newspaper El Federalista on December 7, Marta Marti sluggishly condemning the Porfiristas' violent assault on the constitutional government in place. He wrote the article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), in which he reiterated his denunciation of the Porfirists and bade farewell to Mexico on December 16, he wrote.

Martym began in 1877, using his second name and second surname Julián Pérez as pseudonym, in the hopes of moving his family and family away from Havana to Mexico City. He returned to Mexico, but this time he arrived in Prosla de Mujeres and Belize, where he travelled south to progressive Guatemala City. He took residence on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City, in the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, home to Guatemala's musicians and intelligence of the day. While there, he was hired by the government to write the play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama). He spoke directly with Justo Rufino Barrios, the president of Peru, about this initiative. El Progreso, a daily newspaper in Argentina, published an article titled "The New Code" (The New Code), relating to the then-enacted Civil Code on April 22. He was promoted to the Department of French, English, Italian, and German Literature, History and Philosophy, on the faculty of philosophy and arts of the Universidad Nacional on May 29. On July 25, he spoke at the Teatro Colón (the now-named Teatro Nacional), where he was elected vice president of the Society and acquired the moniker "el torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view of his rhetorical style. Mart taught composition classes free at Academia de Centroamérica's girls' academy, among whose students enthralled young Mara Garca Granados y Saboro, Guatemalan president Miguel Garca Granados' daughter. The schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, though he returned to México, where he encountered Carmen Zayas Bazán and whom he later married.

Mart returned to Guatemala in 1878 and published his book Guatemala, edited in Mexico. Socialite Mara Granados died of lung disease on May 10; her unrequited passion for Mart branded her as 'la nia de Guatemala, la que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of passion). Marta returned to Cuba following her death. He resigned from the Pact of Zanjón, which ended the Cuban Ten Years' War, but there were no effects on Cuba's status as a colony. He met Afro-Cuban revolutionary Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would be his lifelong collaborator in the revolution and a stalwart defender of his legacy on the same journey. Carmen Zayas Bazán was born on Calle Tulipán Street in Havana at this time. His application to practice law in Cuba was refused in October, and he poured himself into radical causes, including the Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York). José Francisco, also known as "Pepito" back in 1878, was born on November 22, 1878.

Mart travelled to Venezuela and established the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review, in 1881 after a brief stay in New York. Antonio Guzmán Blanco, Venezuela's tyrant, wreaked havoc on the journal, and Mart was forced to return to New York after it was forced to return to New York. Mart also joined General Calixto Garca's Cuban revolutionary committee, which was made up of Cuban exiles fighting for independence. Marta Buenos Aires and many Central American journals, including La Opinion Liberal in Mexico City, openly supported Cuba's liberation struggle. The essay "El adiciamiento de Guiteau," an account of President Garfield's murder trial, was published in La Opinion Liberal in 1881 and later selected for inclusion in The Library of America's anthology of American True Crime. Mart also translated Spanish poetry and translated novels into Spanish. He worked with Appleton and Company, as well as "on his own" translating and releasing Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory of original work included plays, a book, poetry, a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro, and a newspaper, Patria, which became the official organ of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. He has also served as a consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout his career, he preached the "freedom of Cuba with a ferocious enthusiasm that swelled the ranks of those eager to fight with him for it."

Between Mart and his military compatriots, tensions existed within the Cuban revolutionary committee. On independence, Marty feared that a military dictatorship would be established in Cuba, and he accused Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these aspirations. Marta understood that Cuban independence needed time and careful planning. Martnn decided not to collaborate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, two Cuban military leaders from the Ten Years' War, when they wanted to attack immediately in 1884. Mart realized that it was too early to try to regain Cuba, and later events proved him wrong.

Mart's essay "Nuestra America" was published in New York's Revista Ilustrada on January 1, 1891, and in Mexico's El Partido Liberal El Partido Liberal. He was very involved in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New York during this period as well. His wife and his son arrived in New York on June 30. Carmen Zayas Bazán's realization that Mart's dedication to Cuban independence was greater than that of helping his family, she and her son returned to Havana on August 27. Mart would never see them again. Mart's wife's inability to reveal the charges that were central to his life was a huge personal tragedy. Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, a Venezuelan who operated a boarding house in New York, is rumored to be the father of her daughter Mara Mantilla, who was in turn the mother of actor Cesar Romero, who proudly said he was Mart's grandson. Marta was sick again in September. He was instrumental in the commemorative acts of The Independents, causing the Spanish consul in New York to alert the Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Mart resigned from the Uruguayan, Paraguayan, and Uruguayan consulates, in effect. Versos Sencillos, he's a book that was published in October.

On November 26, he was welcomed by Club Ignacio Agramonte, a group established by Cuban immigrants in Ybor City, Florida, to a celebration to raise funds for Cuban independence. "Con Todos, y. el Bien de Todos," was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers and periodicals throughout the country, and he gave a lecture titled "Con Todos, yel Bien de Todos." Los Pinos Nuevos, Mart's second lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos," was held in another Tampa gathering in honor of the medical students who died in Cuba in 1871. José Mart's portrait was created by artist Herman Norman in November.

Mart was part of a reunion of the emigration leaders in Cayo Hueso (Key West), the Cuban community where the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) was passed on January 5, 1892. He began the process of organising the newly formed party. He visited tobacco factories, where he spoke to the employees and united them in the cause in order to raise funds for the resistance campaign and raise funds for the resistance campaign. The first edition of the Patria newspaper, which was closely linked to the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was published in March 1892, and directed by Marty. Dolores Castellanos (1870-1948), a Cuban-American woman who also served as president of Mart's protege, as well as a Cuban women's political group, for whom Mart wrote a poem titled "A Dolores Castellanos," was one of Mart's Key West years. The Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and New York named him delegate of the Cuban Revolutionary Party on April 8.

He went from July to September 1892 on an intercultural mission among the exiled Cubans in Florida, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica. Mart performed numerous speeches and visited several tobacco factories on this trip. He was poisoned in Tampa on December 16.

Mart travelled through the United States, Central America, and the West Indies in 1893, visiting various Cuban clubs. His tours were met with increasing enthusiasm and raised urgently needed funds for the revolutionary cause. Rubén Daro, the Nicaraguan poet, appeared in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City, on May 24. He had an interview with Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Republic, where they arranged the revolt on June 3. He met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Costa Rica, in July.

He began travelling for propagation and promoting the revolutionary movement in 1894.

On January 27 he published "A Cuba!"

In the newspaper Patria, where he condemned collusion between the Spanish and American interests. In July, he visited Porfirio D.Az, the president of the Mexican Republic, and travelled to Veracruz. He planned and orchestrated the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution in August.

The North American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis and Baracoa, at the port of Fernandina, Florida, confiscating arms and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). Marta drew up the order of the uprising on January 29, collaborating with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo in order to sign it. Juan Gualberto Gómez was sent to coordinate war preparations for La Habana Province and was able to do so right under the noses of the Spanish authorities, who were still unconcerned. Mart decided to move to Montecristi, Dominican Republic, to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out the revolt.

On February 24, 1895, the rebellion finally took place. Marto de Montecristi, a "exposure of the Cuban revolution's goals and principles," a month later. Mart had begged Gómez to lead an expedition into Cuba.

Mart wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895 before heading to Cuba, leaving his personal papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada with instructions for editing. Marta told Quesada that the majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear over time, and that the majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would fade over time. Volumes one and two, North Americas; volume three, Hispanic Americas; and volume four, North American Scenes; and volume five, Books About the Americas (this included both North and South Americas); art; literature, education, and painting. His poetry was included in another volume.

Mart, Gómez, ngel Guerra, Francisco Borro, Cesar Salas, and Marcos del Rosario were part of the expedition, which was assembled in Montecristi on April 1, 1895. Despite delays and desertion by some of the participants, they made it to Cuba, landing in Playitas, Cuba's southeast, near Cape Mais and Imas, Cuba, on April 11. Once there, the Cuban rebels, who were commanded by the Maceo brothers, became in touch with them and began fighting against Spanish troops. "mainly because the call to revolution received no immediate, spontaneous support from the masses." By May 13, the expedition had reached Dos Rios. Gomez faced Ximenez de Sandoval's troops and ordered Mart to remain with the rearguard on May 19, but Mart became isolated from the majority of the Cuban forces and crossed the Spanish border.

José Mart was killed in a clash with Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ros, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto on May 19, 1895. Because the Spaniards had a good relationship with palm trees, Gómez had ordered his troops to disengage. Mart was alone and seeing a young courier ride by. "Joven, a la carga!" said the narrator.

meaning: "Young man, charge!"

He was wearing a black jacket when riding a white horse about midday, making him a nimble target for the Spanish. Angel de la Guardia, the young soldier who was shot at Mart, lost his horse and reported the missing. The Spanish took possession of the body and buried it close by, then exhumed the body on learning of its identity. In Santiago, Cuba, he was buried in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery. Many have argued that Maceo and others may have compelled Mart for never being involved in war, which may have compelled Marty to that ill-fated two-man charge. Any of his Versos Sencillos' can be premonition-like: "No me completren en lo lo lo oscuro/ A morir como un traidor/ Yo soy bueno/ Moriré de cara al sol" ("Do not bury me in darkness/die like a traitor / I am a good guy / I will die facing the sun.")

Mart's death put the Cuban rebels' "aspirations both inside and outside the island, but the war went on, with alternating successes and losses until the entry of the US into the conflict in 1898.

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