Hendrik Lorentz

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Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect.

He also established the transformation equations underpinning Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. "It may well be said that Lorentz was considered by all theoretical physicists as the world's top spirit," the Nobel Foundation's biography states, "who completed what was left incomplete by his predecessors and set the tone for the successful reception of the new ideas based on quantum theory." Many awards and accolades have been given to him, including a term as chairman of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, the forerunner of UNESCO, from 1925 to 1928.

Early life

Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland, the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822–1893), a well-off horticulturist, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826–1861). Luberta Hupkes married in 1862, after his mother's death. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a free thinker on religious topics. He attended "Hogere Burgerschool" in Arnhem, a new breed of public high school that was newly established by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, from 1866 to 1869. His academic achievements were encouraging; not only did he excel in physical sciences and mathematics, but also in English, French, and German. He passed the classical languages exams, which were then mandatory for university admissions.

Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at Leiden University, where he was heavily influenced by astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser's teaching; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After graduating with a bachelor's degree, he returned to Arnhem in 1871 to teach night school mathematics, but he continued his studies in Leiden in lieu of his teaching job. Lorentz obtained a doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke in 1875, based on the belief of reflection and reflection of light.

Lorentz was appointed to the University of Leiden's newly established chair in theoretical physics on November 1777, only 24 years old. Johan van der Waals had been invited to the position initially, but he had taken up a post at the University of Amsterdam. Lorentz gave his inaugural lecture on "De moleculaire theorin in de natuurkunde" on January 25, 1878. (The molecular theories in physics). He became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1881.

Lorentz was mainly interested in electromagnetic theory, magnetism, and light during the first twenty years in Leiden. Since that, he expanded his research into a much larger area while still focusing on theoretical physics. Lorentz made important contributions to fields ranging from hydrodynamics to general relativity. Electromagnetism, the electron theory, and relativity were among his contributions.

Lorentz reasoned that atoms might consist of charged particles and that the oscillations of these charged particles were the source of light. Lorentz gave the Zeeman effect in 1896 when a colleague and former pupil of Lorentz's Pieter Zeeman discovered it. In 1902, the experimental and theoretical work was lauded with the Nobel Prize in physics. Lorentz' name has been linked to the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, the Lorentz force, the Lorentz unit, Lorentz' distribution, the Lorentzian oscillator model, and the Lorentz transformation.

Lorentz worked on describing electromagnetic phenomena (the propagation of light) in reference frames that move relative to the postulated luminiferous aether in 1892 and 1895. He discovered that the transition from one to another reference frame could be reduced by using a new time zone that he called local time and was dependent on universal time and the location under consideration. Although Lorentz did not give a detailed explanation of local time, with it, he might be able to clarify the shift in light and the end of the Fizeau experiment. Henri Poincaré called local time Lorentz's "most innovative concept" and illustrated it by showing that clocks in moving frames are synchronized by exchanging light signals that are supposed to travel at the same rate against and with the frame's motion (see Einstein's synchronization and Relativity of simultaneity). Lorentz suggested that moving bodies contracts be carried forward in 1892, when the attempt to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment was unsuccessful (see length decrease; George FitzGerald had already arrived at this conclusion in 1889).

Lorentz's time dilation continued in 1899 and 1904, and he published what Poincaré called Lorentz transformations in 1905.

Joseph Larmor was reportedly unaware to Lorentz that he used identical transformations to describe orbiting electrons in 1897. Both Larmor's and Lorentz' equations seem to be somewhat similar, but they are algebraically equivalent to those used by Poincaré and Einstein in 1905. Lorentz' 1904 paper contains a covariant electrodynamics formulation, in which electrodynamic phenomena in various reference frames are represented by similar equations with well-defined transformation properties. The paper emphasizes the sensitivity of this model, namely that the results of electrodynamic experiments do not depend on the reference frame's relative motion. The 1904 paper contains a detailed analysis of the rise of the inertial mass of rapidly moving objects in a futile effort to make momentum seem like Newtonian momentum; it was also an attempt to quantify the length contraction as the accumulation of "stuff" onto mass made it slow and contract.

Einstein would write his paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," which is now known as the special theory of relativity. Lorentz developed the Lorentz-Einstein theory, which was originally named the Lorentz-Einstein theory.

Lorentz's electron theory was given a full-fledged treatment in his Columbia University lectures titled The Theory of Electrons in 1906.

The rise of mass was Lorentz and Einstein's first guess, but several experiments by Kaufmann showed a slightly different mass increase; Lorentz's comment that he was "au bout de mon latin" = at his wit's conclusion.

Lorentz published a series of papers on "Einstein's theorem" in which he referred to. For example, 1909, 1910, 1914. He spoke approvingly of Einstein's argument in 1906 lectures, which were published in 1909 with additions.

Despite Lorentz's assertion that there is an (undetectable) ether in which resting clocks indicate the "true time":

Lorentz also praised Poincaré's contributions to relativity.

Lorentz was one of the few scientists who endorsed Einstein's quest for general relativity from the start – he wrote several research papers and spoke with Einstein personally and by letter. For example, he attempted to blend Einstein's formal beliefs with Hamilton's (1915) in a coordinate-free manner (1916).

Lorentz wrote in 1919:

Lorentz gave a series of lectures at Cornell University in the Fall of 1926 on the new quantum mechanics; in those, he described Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics.

Einstein wrote of Lorentz:

Poincaré (1902) talked about Lorentz's electrodynamics theory:

Paul Langevin (1911) said of Lorentz:

Lorentz and Emil Wiechert had an interesting discussion about electromagnetism and the theory of relativity, and Lorentz shared his thoughts in letters to Wiechert.

Lorentz was chairman of the first Solvay Conference in Brussels in the fall of 1911. Poincaré wrote an essay on quantum physics that gave an indication of Lorentz's place at the time: a few weeks after the conference, but it gives an idea of his presenter: a.k.a.

Lorentz decided to reorganize his life in 1910. Leiden University's teaching and administration jobs took up too much of his time, leaving him no time for study. He resigned from his role as a theoretical physicist to become curator of the "Physics Cabinet" at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem in 1912. He stayed linked to Leiden University as an outsider, and his "Monday morning lectures" on recent advances in theoretical physics soon became legendary.

Lorentz asked Einstein to replace him as a professor of theoretical physics at Leiden. However, Einstein refused to accept because he had just accepted a post at ETH Zurich. Einstein had no regrets in this situation, although the prospect of having to fill Lorentz's shoes made him shiver. Lorentz took Paul Ehrenfest as his successor in the Leiden University's theoretical physics chair, which would eventually be known as the Lorentz Institute.

Lorentz was one of the driving factors behind the establishment of the "Wetenschappelijke Commissie van Advies in Onderzoek" committee, which was to draw together scientific expertise in the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) for solving social problems such as food shortages as a result of the war. Lorentz was elected chair of the committee. Despite the best efforts of many of the participants, the committee would achieve little success. With the notable exception being that it resulted in the establishment of TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, the only exception.

Lorentz was also asked by the Dutch government to chair a committee to determine the effect of the controversial Afsluitdijk (Enclosure Dam) flood control dam on water levels in the Waddenzee. Hydraulic engineering was mostly an empirical science at the time, but the Afsluitdijk's disruption of the tidal flow was so unusual that empirical findings could not be trusted. Lorentz was only supposed to have a leadership position in the committee, but it became apparent that Lorentz was the only physicist to have any real insight into the subject. Lorentz spent a significant part of his time in the issue from 1918 to 1926. Lorentz suggested that we start from the basic hydrodynamic equations of motion and solve the problem numerically. Given the waddenzee's quasi-one-dimensional nature, this was possible for a "human computer." The Afsluitdijk was completed in 1932, and Lorentz's and his committee's forecasts proved to be very accurate. After him, one of the two sets of locks in the Afsluitdijk was named after him.

Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaiser in 1881. J.W. Her father was J.W. Kaiser, a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, is a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts. He was the curator of the museum, which later became the well-known Rijksmuseum (National Gallery). He was also the designer of The Netherlands' first postage stamps.

There were two children and one son from this union.

Dr. Geertruida Lorentz, the eldest daughter, was a physicist. Professor Wander Johannes de Haas, who was the Director of the University of Leiden's Cryogenic Laboratory, was married to Professor Wander Johannes de Haas.

Lorentz became critically ill in January 1928 and died a short time later on February 4th. Owen Willans Richardson's account of his funeral reveals the reverence with which he was detained in the Netherlands:

On the way to the "Algemene Begraats" at the Kleverlaan cemetery, a unique 1928 film footage of the funeral procession with a lead carriage, ten mourners, followed by a carriage with the coffin, then back into the Grote Houtstraat and finally to the Barteljorisstraat. Albert Einstein and Marie Curie were among others to attend the funeral.

Family life

Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaiser in 1881. J.W.'s father was J.W. Kaiser, a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, is a professor. He was the curator of the museum, which later became the well-known Rijksmuseum (National Gallery). He was also the designer of the first postage stamps of The Netherlands.

There were two daughters and one son from this union.

Dr. Geertruida Lorentz, the oldest daughter of the eldest family, was a physicist. Professor Wander Johannes de Haas, who was the Director of the University of Leiden's Cryogenic Laboratory, was married to her.

Lorentz became critically ill in January 1928 and died a few weeks later on February 4th. Owen Willans Richardson's description of his funeral shows the reverence in which he was held in the Netherlands.

A rare 1928 film footage of the funeral procession with a lead carriage, ten mourners, followed by a carriage with the coffin, and then back into the Grote Houtstraat along the Grote Houtstraat to the "Algemene Begraats" at the Kleverlaan cemetery. Albert Einstein and Marie Curie were among others mourning the funeral.

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Career

Lorentz was appointed to the University of Leiden's newly established theoretical physics chair on November 17th, only 24 years old. Johan van der Waals had been considered for the position at the University of Amsterdam, but he accepted a position at the University of Amsterdam. Lorentz's inaugural lecture on "De moleculaire theorin in de natuurkunde" was held on January 25th, 1878. (The molecular theories in physics) He became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1881.

Lorentz was particularly interested in the electromagnetic theory of electricity, magnetism, and light during the first 20 years in Leiden. Since that, he widened his study into a much larger field while still focusing on theoretical physics. Lorentz made important contributions to fields ranging from hydrodynamics to general relativity. His most notable contributions were in the field of electromagnetism, electrochemistry, and relativity.

Lorentz said that atoms could be composed of charged particles and that the oscillations of these charged particles were the source of light. Lorentz gave its theoretical interpretation after a colleague and former pupil of Lorentz's discovered the Zeeman effect in 1896. In 1902, the experimental and theoretical work was lauded with the Nobel Prize in Physics. Lorentz' name is now associated with the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, the Lorentz force, the Lorentz sphere, the Lorentz unit, the Lorentzian distribution, the Lorentz oscillator model, and the Lorentz transformation.

Lorentz worked on describing electromagnetic phenomena (the propagation of light) in reference frames that change in relation to the postulated luminiferous aether in 1892 to 1895. He found that the change from one to another reference frame could be reduced by using a new time zone that he identified local time and that depended on universal time and the location under consideration. Although Lorentz did not provide a clear account of local time, with it, he could discuss the shift in light and the results of the Fizeau experiment. Henri Poincaré introduced Lorentz's "most ingenious plan" in 1900 and 1904, demonstrating that clocks in moving frames are synchronized by exchanging light signals that are supposed to travel at the same rate as against and with the frame's movement (see Einstein's synchronization and Relativity of simultaneity). Lorentz suggested that moving bodies contracts in the direction of change in 1892, while explaining the Michelson-Morley experiment (see length contraction; George FitzGerald had already arrived at this conclusion in 1889).

Lorentz added time dilation to his transformations in 1899 and again in 1904, and in 1905, he published what Poincaré called Lorentz transformations.

Joseph Larmor had reportedly used identical transformations to describe orbiting electrons in 1897, according to Lorentz. The equations of Larmor and Lorentz seem to be somewhat dissimilar, but they are also similar to those presented by Poincaré and Einstein in 1905. Lorentz' 1904 paper includes the covariant formulation of electrodynamics, in which electrodynamic phenomena in different reference frames are characterized by similar equations with well defined transformation properties. The paper acknowledges the importance of this approach, namely that electrodynamic experiments' findings do not depend on the reference frame's relative speed. The 1904 paper contains a comprehensive review of the increase of the inertial mass of quickly moving objects in a futile effort to make Newtonian momentum seem exactly like Newtonian momentum; it was also an attempt to explain the length contraction as a result of "stuff" growth that forced mass production to slow and contract.

Einstein would write his paper titled "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," which is now known as the special theory of relativity. This belief was originally referred to as the Lorentz–Einstein theory because Lorentz provided the basic information for Einstein's research.

Lorentz's electron theory received a full-fledged treatment in his Columbia University lectures, titled The Theory of Electrons.

The rise of mass was Lorentz and Einstein's first guess, but some experiments by Kaufmann suggested a marginal rise, leading to Lorentz's remark that he was "au bout de mon latin" (at the end of his [knowledge of] Latin): at his wit's end.

Lorentz wrote a series of papers discussing "Einstein's notion of relativity," which he described as "Einstein's relativity." For example, 1909, 1910, 1914. He spoke openly about Einstein's theories in 1906, in his 1909 lectures (updated in 1915).

However, Lorentz maintained that there is (undetectable) ether in which resting clocks indicate the "true time":

Lorentz also lauded Poincaré's contributions to relativity.

Lorentz was one of the few scientists who endorsed Einstein's quest for general relativity from the start; he wrote several research papers and spoke with Einstein personally and by letter. For instance, he attempted to blend Einstein's formal theory with Hamilton's (1915) thesis in a coordinate-free manner (1916).

Lorentz wrote in 1919:

Lorentz gave a series of lectures on the new quantum mechanics at Cornell University in the fall of 1926; in these, he introduced Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics.

Einstein wrote of Lorentz:

Poincaré (1902) spoke of Lorentz's electrodynamics theory: the electrodynamics theory of electrodynamics:

Paul Langevin (1911) said of Lorentz:

Lorentz and Emil Wiechert had an interesting chat on electromagnetism and the theory of relativity, and Lorentz shared his thoughts in letters to Wiechert.

Lorentz was the chairman of the first Solvay Conference in Brussels in 1911. Poincaré wrote an essay on quantum physics shortly after the conference that gives an idea of Lorentz's current position:

Lorentz decided to reorganize his life in 1910. Leiden University's teaching and administration commitments took up too much of his time, leaving him with little time for study. He resigned from his position of theoretical physics to become curator of the "Physics Cabinet" at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem in 1912. He stayed connected to Leiden University as an outsider professor, and his "Monday morning lectures" on new advances in theoretical physics soon became legendary.

Lorentz ordered Einstein to replace him as a professor of theoretical physics at Leiden early in the process. Einstein, on the other hand, refused to accept because he had just accepted a post at ETH Zurich. Einstein had no regrets about the fact that he'd have to stuff Lorentz's shoes made him shiver. Lorentz recalled Paul Ehrenfest as his replacement in the Leiden University's experimental physics chair, which would later be named the Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics.

Lorentz was one of the founding of the "Wetenschappelijke Commissie van Advies en Onderzoek" committee, which was to harness the academic potential of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) for solving human issues such as food shortages as a result of World War I. Lorentz was named chair of the committee by Lorentz. However, despite the best efforts of several of the participants, the committee would have no success. The only notable exception is that it led to the establishment of TNO, the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, in the first place.

Lorentz was also asked by the Dutch government to chair a committee to determine some of the impacts of the controversial Afsluitdijk (Enclosure Dam) flood control dam on water levels in the Waddenzee. Hydraulic engineering was predominantly an empirical science at the time, but the Afsluitdijk's disruption of the tidal flow was so bizarre that the empirical laws could not be trusted. Lorentz was only supposed to serve as the chairman of the committee, but Lorentz was soon discovered that Lorentz was the only physicist to have any fundamental understanding of the issue. Lorentz devoted a large part of his time in the 1920s to 1926. Lorentz suggested that we begin with the basic hydrodynamic equations of motion and numerically solve the problem. Because of the Waddenzee's quasi-one-dimensional nature of the water flow, it was possible for a "human computer." The Afsluitdijk was built in 1932 and Lorentz's estimates proved to be remarkably accurate. He was named after one of two sets of locks in Afsluitdijk.

Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaiser in 1881. J.W., her father, was a girl who was in danger. Kaiser, a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, is a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts. He was the director of the museum, which later became the well-known Rijksmuseum (National Gallery). He was also the designer of the first postal stamps of The Netherlands.

There were two daughters and one son from this union.

Dr. Geertruida Lorentz, the eldest daughter of the family, was a physicist. Professor Wander Johannes de Haas, who was the Director of the University of Leiden's Cryogenic Laboratory, married her.

Lorentz became seriously ill in January 1928 and died a few weeks later on February 4th. Owen Willans Richardson's description of his funeral reveals the reverence with which he was detained in the Netherlands: he was held in the Netherlands.

On the way to the "Algemene Begraats" at the Kleverlaan cemetery, a unique 1928 film clip of the funeral procession with a lead carriage, ten mourners, and then back by a crowd on the way to the Zijlstraat and then the Barteljorisstraat. Albert Einstein and Marie Curie attended the funeral, among other things.

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