Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (born 1880 – 19 June 1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker and one of the artists group Die Brücke, or "The Bridge," a key group leading to Expressionist painting in twentieth-century art.

He volunteered for army service in the First World War but was soon disillusioned and was dismissed.

By the Nazis in 1933, his art was dubbed "degenerate," and over 600 of his drawings were sold or destroyed in 1937.

He died by gunshot in 1938.

Early life and work

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was born in Bavarian Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. Kirchner often referred to his parents, who were of Prussian descent, and that his mother was a descendant of the Huguenots. The family moved often while Kirchner's father was looking for a job, and Kirchner attended schools in Frankfurt and Perlen before his father was awarded the position of Professor of Paper Sciences at the College of Technology in Chemnitz, where Kirchner attended secondary school. Although Kirchner's parents encouraged him to finish his formal education, he started studying architecture at Dresden's Königliche Technische Hochschule (royal technical university). The institution carried out a number of studies in addition to architecture, including freehand drawing, perspective drawing, and the historical study of art. He became good friends with Fritz Bleyl, whom Kirchner met during the first term while attending. They discussed art together and also investigated nature, while still having a more optimistic outlook in common. Kirchner continued his education in Munich from 1903 to 1904, returning to Dresden in 1905 to complete his degree.

Kirchner, Bleyl, and two other architecture students, along with Bleyl and two others, formed the Künstler group Die Brücke ("The Bridge" in 1905). He committed himself to art from then on. The group set out to defyew the common academic style and embrace a new sense of artistic expression, which would make a bridge (hence the name) between the past and the present. Both Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald, and Lucas Cranach the Elder were among the many artists who influenced contemporary international avant-garde movements. They rediscovered older media, particularly woodcut prints, as part of the nation's recognition of their culture.

Their group was one of the seminal ones that had a major influence on modern art in the twentieth century and established Expressionism's style. The group met in Kirchner's first studio, which had previously been a butcher's store. "that of a true bohemian, with paintings scattered all over the place, drawings, books, and artist's possessions, much more like an artist's romantic quarters than a well-organised architecture student," Bleyl said.

Kirchner's studio became a place that defied social norms to encourage casual love-making and frequent nudity. Models from the social circle rather than professionals were used in group life-drawing sessions, and snapping quarter-hour poses encouraged spontaneity. Isabella, a fifteen-year-old girl from the neighborhood, was one of Bleyl's most popular, beautifully built, joyous individual, with no decay caused by the corset's ridiculous style and totally suitable to our artistic needs, particularly in the blooming condition of her girlish buds.

"Everyone who reproduces, explicitly and without illusion, whatever he feels the urge to create," a group manifesto written by Kirchner in 1906.

In the showroom of K.F.M., the first group exhibition, focusing on the female nude, was held between September and October 1906. In Dresden, Seifert and Co.

He encountered Doris Große, his favorite model until 1911, in 1906. He stayed in Moritzburg lakes and on the island of Fehmarn (which he rediscovered until 1914) with other Brücke artists; his work featured the female nude in natural settings from 1907 to 1911. In 1911, he moved to Berlin, where he founded MIUM-Institut, in Berlin, with the aim of promoting "Moderner Unterricht im Malen" (modern painting education). This was not a success and ended the following year, when he began a friendship with Erna Schilling that lasted the rest of his life.

Chronik der Brücke's (Brücke chronicle)'s writing in 1913 led to the group's dissolution. With his first solo exhibition, which took place at the Essen Folkwang Museum, he established an individual identity. He created a series of "Straßenszenen" (street scenes) illustrating Berlin's streets, with the central characters of street walkers.

Kirchner volunteered for military service at the start of the First World War in September 1914. In July 1915, he was sent to Halle an der Saale as a driver in the reserve unit of the 75th Mansfeld Field Artillery Regiment. After a mental breakdown, Kirchner's riding instructor, Professor Hans Fehr, arranged for him to be dismissed. Kirchner returned to Berlin and continued to paint, including Self-Portrait as a Soldier (1915); in December 1915, he was admitted to Dr. Oskar Kohnstamm's sanatorium in Taunus, where he was diagnosed with a heavy reliance on Veronal and alcoholism. "I now find myself here for a time to bring my mind into some sort of order after lengthy trials," Kirchner writes in a letter to Dr. Karl Hagemann, a friend and patron. Of course, it's a bit daunting to be among strangers for the bulk of the day. However, I may be able to see and create something new. For the time being, I would like more stability and absolute seclusion. Of course, I'm getting more involved in my jobs and my studio. Theories can be very helpful in preserving a spiritual balance, but they are also very dull and hazy when compared to work and life." Kirchner returned to Berlin for a few weeks to continue his art in his studio; during his stay in Königstein, he created a series of oil paintings and some drawings. Kirchner sold many works and started to do well financially after an exhibition of his work at Ludwig Schames' gallery in Frankfurt am Main in October 1916. He suffered from a nervous breakdown in December and was admitted to Dr. Edel's sanatorium in Berlin-Charlottenburg.

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