Efraín Ríos Montt

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José Efran Montt (Spanish: [efran mont]; 16 June 1926 – 1 April 2018) was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as de facto President of Guatemala from 1982-83. His brief tenure as Prime Minister was one of the country's longest civil war's bloodshed. Ros Montt's counter-insurgency plans greatly damaged the Marxist rebel groups embedded under the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG), as well as accusations of war crimes and genocide committed by the Guatemalan Army under his leadership.

Ros Montt was a career army officer. He was the head of the Guatemalan military academy and rose to the rank of brigadier general. In 1973, he was briefly chief of staff of the Guatemalan army but was later forced out of office due to differences with the military high command. He ran for president in the 1974 general election, losing to the incumbent General Kjell Laugerud in an election process widely considered fraudulent. Ros Montt, a Catholic priest, has largely left the Catholic Church to join an Evangelical Christian congregation associated with the Gospel Outreach Church in 1978. A group of junior military officers who commissioned R.o. Montt as the head of a government junta in 1982, was dissatisfied with GC's defunct leadership, the worsening security situation in Guatemala, and allegations of electoral manipulation. For fewer than seventeen months before being overthrown in another coup led by his defense minister, General scar Mejna Victores, R. Montt ruled as a military dictator for fewer than seventeen months.

Ros Montt, the Guatemalan Republican Front, was the head of a new political party in 1989 (FRG). He was elected numerous times to the Congress of Guatemala, serving as the president of the republic from 1995-96 and 2000-04. Due to his participation in the 1982 military coup, he was unable to register as a presidential candidate, but the FRG gained both the presidency and a congressional majority in the 1999 general election. R.os Montt came in third place in third and withdrew from politics, having been accepted by the Constitutional Court to run in the 2003 presidential elections. He returned to public life in 2007 as a member of Congress, thereby receiving legal protection from long-running lawsuits alleging war crimes perpetrated by him and some of his ministers and advisors during their time in the presidential palace in 1982–83. His privileges were terminated on January 14, 2012, when his legislative term came to an end. A court sentenced R.os Montt to 80 years in prison for genocide and crimes against humanity in 2013, but the Constitutional Court suspended the indictment, meaning that his appeal was never concluded.

Early political involvement

Ros Montt was approached by the Guatemalan Christian Democracy's founders with an invitation to run for president in the midst of a coalition of opposition to the incumbent government's government. Ros Montt ran for president of the National Opposition Front in March 1974. (FNO) is a registered member of the National Opposition Front. Alberto Fuentes Mohr, a respected economist and a social democrat, was his running mate. Rós Montt was generally regarded as an honest and tactful military man who could combat rampant corruption in the Guatemalan government and armed forces at the time. Ros Montt, a "capable left-of-center military officer" who will shift Guatemala "perceptibly but not radically to the left," according to US officials, who do not vote significantly to the right.

GM Kjell Laugerud, the official candidate for the 1974 election, was Mario Sandoval Alarcón of the far-right National Liberation Movement, who was assisting him. R.os Montt's FNO gained the popular vote by a large majority, according to pro-government posters, who warned "voters not to fall into a communist trap by supporting Ros."

However, Rós Montt gained the popular election by 71,000 votes to Laugerud, despite the official count. This result was widely considered fraudulent by many, with the government halting the election count on election night and modifying the results to make it appear that Laugerud had obtained a slim plurality. The general election was ruled by the government-controlled National Congress, which selected Laugerud by a landslide of 38 to 2, with 15 opposition deputies abstaining.

According to independent journalist Carlos Soto Rosales, R.o. Montt, and the FNO leadership, the fraudulent results of the 1974 elections were accepted because they feared that an outpouring of chaos would lead to further government repression and could lead to more political violence." General R.os Montt served as military attaché at the Guatemalan embassy in Madrid, where he remained until 1977. During his exile in Spain, it was reported that the military high command paid R.o. Montt several hundred thousand dollars in exchange for his release from public life and that his indolence led to excessive drinking.

In 1977, R. Montt retired from the army and returned to Guatemala. In 1978, a spiritual crisis led him to leave the Roman Catholic Church to join the Iglesia El Verbo ("Church of the Word"), an evangelical Protestant church associated with the Gospel Outreach Church in Eureka, California. In a school affiliated with it, R.os Montt became very active in his new church and taught religion. Mario Enrique, his younger brother, was the Catholic prelate of Escuintla at the time.

The conversion of Efra Montt has been interpreted as a major event in the nascent of Protestantism in Guatemala's predominantly Catholic country (see Religion in Guatemala). R.os Montt befriended well-known evangelists in the United States, including Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson.

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Early life and career

Efra N R. Montt was born in 1926 in Huehuetenango and into a large family of the rural middle class. His father was a shopkeeper and his mother was a seamstress, and the family also had a small farm. Mario Enrique Ros Montt's younger brother, who would serve as the prelate of Escuintla and later as the Archdiocese of Guatemala's auxiliary bishop.

The young Efra'n, who was planning to enroll in the army, was admitted to the Polytechnic School (the national military academy of Guatemala), but was turned away due to his astigmatism. He began serving with the Guatemalan Army as a private, drawing troops made up almost entirely of full-blooded Mayas until 1946, when he was allowed to enroll in the Polytechnic School. R. O. Montt was ranked in the top of his class in 1950. He studied at the Polytechnic School and obtained further education, first at the USA-run officer training academy that would later be known as the School of the Americas and then later in Fort Bragg in North Carolina and the Italian War College. Ros Montt's reputation as both a devoutly religious man and a stern disciplinarian began early in his career.

R. Montt did not participate in the 1954 CIA-sponsored coup against President Jacobo Arbenz. He rose through the ranks of the Guatemalan army and spent time as the Polytechnic School's president from 1970 to 1972. Ros Montt's brother, Arana Osorio, was promoted to brigadier general in 1972, and he became the Army's Chief of Staff in 1973 (Jefe del Estado Mayor General del Ejército). However, he was fired from his post after three months, much to his chagrin, when he was sent to the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C.,. Ros Montt was "at odds with the army's command structure" after being sidelined by military president Gen. Carlos Osorio in 1974, according to anthropologist David Stoll, who wrote in 1990.

Later political career

In 1989, R. Montt founded the Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG) political party. According to polls, R.os Montt was the most popular candidate in the run-up to the 1990 general election, leading his nearest rival by as many as twelve points. He was ultimately refused to run in the polls by the courts due to a clause in Guatemala's 1985 Constitution that barred civilians from being president. R. Montt said that the related article had been specifically written into the Constitution to discourage him from returning to the Presidency and that retroactively could not be used retroactively.

And though Rós Montt's 1990s-1990s-1982-1983 had widespread popularity throughout Guatemala, particularly among the indigenous Maya population of Quiché, Huehuetenango, and Baja Verapaz, where he was branded as a hero of the counter-insurgency affecting the local populations hardest impacted by the resistance campaign that Ros Montt led in 1982–83.

According to anthropologist David Stoll

Ros Montt's main political tactic, according to political scientist Regina Bateson, was adopted by populism in this new phase of his career. He served as a FRG congressman from 1990 to 2004. He was elected president of the unicameral legislature in 1994. He attempted to run in the 1995–96 Guatemalan general election, but was refused to run again, but was refused to run. Alfonso Portillo was chosen to replace Ros Montt as the FRG's presidential candidate, but he barely defeated conservative National Advancement Party lvaro Arz. Portillo had been involved with the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), one of the Marxist rebel factions that later joined the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG) and in which R.o. Montt had battled during his term as president in 1982-83.

The Guatemalan Civil War officially ended in 1996 with the signing of the peace treaties between the Guatemalan government and the URNG, which then formed as a national political party. "For the United States, it is crucial" that "support for military forces and intelligence units engaged in violence and widespread repression [in Guatemala] was lacking, and the United States cannot repeat that mistake."

In the 1999 Guatemalan general election, Rós Montt's FRG party was a success. Alfonso Portillo, the party's president, was elected president and the group also secured a majority in the National Congress, according to Alfonso Portillo. From 2000 to 2004, R.O. Montt served in a four-year term as president of Congress.

President Portillo reported the Guatemalan government's participation in human rights abuses over the past 20 years, including two massacres that occurred during R's Montt's reign. Plan de Sánchez, Baja Verapaz, with 268 people killed, and Dos Erres, Petén, where 200 people were killed, was the first in Plan de Sánchez.

Ros Montt was nominated by the FRG in May 2003 for the November presidential election, but his candidacy was denied again by the electoral registry and by two lower courts. On July 14, 2003, the Constitutional Court, which had many judges appointed by the FRG government, accepted his appointment as president on the grounds that the 1985 Constitution did not extend retroactively.

The Supreme Court dismissed R. Montt's campaign on July 20th and announced that two right-of-centre groups had lodged a lawsuit arguing that the general was constitutionally barred from running for president. Ros Montt denounced the decision as a judicial manipulation, and his followers were encouraged to take to the streets to protest against it in a radio address. Thousands of masked FRG supporters descended on Guatemala City on July 24, 2007, armed with machetes, clubs, and rifles, during what was originally known as jueves negro ("Black Thursday"). By the FRG, they had been bussed in from all around the country, and it was argued that public employees in FRG-controlled municipalities would be threatened with the loss of their positions if they did not participate in the protests. Protesters sparked traffic, chanted threat slogans, and waved machetes as they marched on the courts, opposition parties' headquarters, and newspapers. Additionally, reports of torching of buildings, shooting out of windows, and the burning of automobiles and tires were among the street. Héctor Fernando Ramrez, a television journalist, died of a heart attack after running away from a crowd. The rioters disbanded after a two-day demonstration, but Ros Montt's audio recording was played in loudspeakers, causing them to return to their homes. Both the UN mission and the US Embassy were closed over the weekend, because the situation was so volatile.

Following the riots, the Constitutional Court reversed the Supreme Court's decision, allowing R.os Montt to run for president. However, the jueves negro scandal harmed Ros Montt's fame and reputation as a law-and-order candidate. President Portillo's former FRG government's perceived mismanagement and inefficiency also harmed Ros Montt. Ros Montt received 19.3% of the vote in the 2003 presidential election, placing him third behind scar Berger, the administrator of the conservative Grand National Alliance (GANA), and lvaro Colom of the center-left National Unity of Hope (UNE). R.os Montt's 14-year legislative tenure came to an end, as he was forced to give up his seats in Congress to run for president.

A court order barred R.os Montt from leaving the country until it found whether or not he should face charges relating to jueves negro and Ramrez's death. R.os Montt had to request permission to fly to his country home for his daughter Zury Ros' wedding to Illinois's U.S. Representative Jerry Weller on November 20, 2004. Manslaughter charges against him for the murder of Ramrez were dismissed on January 31, 2006.

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