Edward Harkness

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Edward Stephen Harkness (January 22, 1874 – January 29, 1940) was an American philanthropist.

Harkness' gifts to private hospitals, art museums,, and educational institutions in the Northeastern United States were among the largest of the early twentieth century, given privately and through his family's Commonwealth Fund.

He was a major benefactor to Columbia University, Yale University, Harvard University, Phillips Exeter Academy, St. Paul's School, Yale University, Washington University, Phillips Exeter Academy, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the University of St Andrews in Scotland. Harkness inherited his fortune from his father, Stephen V. Harkness, who's wealth was established by early investment in Standard Oil and his brother, Charles W. Harkness.

By Forbes magazine's first "Rich List" list in 1918, he was ranked sixth richest individual in the United States, behind John D. Rockefeller, Henry Clay Frick, Andrew Carnegie, George Fisher Baker, George Fisher Baker, and William Rockefeller.

Educational philanthropy

Anna Harkness of 1917, a year after Charles' death, donated $3 million to Yale University to install the Memorial Quadrangle student dormitory in Charles' memory. Anna Harkness established the Commonwealth Fund in 1918 with a $10 million donation, and Ned Harkness was named its president.

Ned Harkness and his wife built numerous buildings, including St Salvator's Hall at the University of St. Andrews; Harkness Chapel and Harkness Dormitory at Yale College; and the Columbia University Medical Center's undergraduate dormitories; and Brown University's Chapel and Harkness Dormitory, all of which were built as a result of his philanthropy or Mary's husband's construction.

Harkness made major contributions to Yale's alma mater and Harvard in order to establish residential college programs at each school between 1926 and 1930. Harkness admired Oxford and Cambridge universities in England and told Yale President James Rowland Angell that he would fund a similar scheme for Yale's undergraduate college to reduce overcrowding and improve social integration. Harkness went to Harvard in 1928 when Yale refused to accept Harkness' bid. Abbott Lawrence Lowell, Harvard's president, responded quickly, and eight houses for Harvard College were completed by 1931 with a $10 million gift from Harkness. Yale administrators protested Harkness's decision to reconsider his bid, and in 1930, he decided to give Yale $11 million for nine residential colleges of its own. Harkness advised Yale not to keep James Gamble Rogers as the colleges' architect. He also gave the Yale School of Drama, the country's first independent drama faculty, a theatre.

Harkness sought to update the country's elite boarding schools at the same time as his Yale-Harvard philanthropy. He wanted to learn beyondrote learning by introducing the Harkness table method of instruction at Phillips Exeter Academy. The technique was passed on to St. Paul's, The Lawrenceville School, and Kingswood-Oxford School by giving more gifts. Harkness has also donated to Taft School, The Hill School, and Phillips Academy.

"inspired by his admiration for what Great Britain has achieved in the 1914–18 war and, in turn, his attachment to the land from which he descended on." Preservation, places of worship, and social care are the trust's top priorities.

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