Edmund Burke

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Edmund Burke [NS] 1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher.

Burke, who was born in Dublin, served in the House of Commons from 1766 to 1794, a Whig Party member. Burke was a promoter of underpinning virtues in society and the recognition of religious institutions for social coherence and the advancement of the state's wellbeing.

In his book A Vindication of Natural Society, he was expressing these views.

He criticized the British colonizations' treatment, including through taxation policy.

Burke also argued for the right of the colonists to defy metropolitan rule, although he opposed the attempt to achieve independence.

He is remembered for his support for Catholic emancipation, Warren Hastings' impeachment, and his tenacious resistance to the French Revolution.

Burke said in his Reflections on the French Revolution, that the revolt was destroying the fabric of good society and traditional institutions of state and society, as well as the persecution of the Catholic Church that resulted from it.

Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals alike in the 19th century.

He became well-regarded as the intellectual determinant of modern conservatism later in the twentieth century.

Early life

Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. Mary Nagle, née Nagle, was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a County Cork family and a cousin of the Catholic educator Nano Nagle, whereas his father Richard (died 1761), a successful solicitor, was a member of the Church of Ireland. It's unclear if this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burgh (Burke) dynasty descends from William de Burgh, the Anglo-Norman knight who arrived in Ireland in 1185 as part of the "first Gall or Old English families to assimilate into Gaelic society, including Burke, who arrived in Ireland in 1185).

Burke maintained his father's faith and remained a practicing Anglican throughout his life, unlike his sister Juliana, who was raised as a Roman Catholic and remained a Roman Catholic. Later, his political rivals accused him of being educated at the Jesuit College of St. Omer, near Calais, France, and of harboring covert Catholic sympathies at a time when Catholic priesthood will barre him from public office per se.

As Burke told Frances Crewe:

Burke took the prescribed oath of allegiance and abjuration, the oath of supremacy, and a declaration against transubstantiation after being elected to the House of Commons.

Burke and his mother's relatives lived near Killavullen in County Cork's Blackwater Valley as a child. He began his education at a Quaker school in Ballitore, County Kildare, about 67 kilometres (42 miles) north of Dublin; perhaps like his cousin Nano Nagle at a Hedge school near Killavullen. Throughout his life, he kept in touch with his schoolmate Mary Leadbeater, the daughter of the school's founder, throughout his life.

Burke began teaching at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant institution that did not have Catholicism allowed to study degrees until 1793. Edmund Burke's Club, founded in 1747, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society, the world's oldest undergraduate society. The minutes of Burke's Club's meetings are held in Burke's Club's archive. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read the book, and with this in mind, he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before giving up legal studies to travel in Continental Europe. He pursued a career by writing after eschewing the Rule.

Early writing

His Letters on the Study and Use of History, published in 1752, and his collected works appeared in 1754. Burke's first published work, A Vindication of Natural Society: A History of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind, appeared in Spring 1756. In a reductio ad absurdum of his deistic rationalism arguments, Burke imitated Bolingbroke's style and ideas in an attempt to demonstrate their absurdity.

Bolingbroke's arguments against disclosed religion, according to Burke, could also be applicable to other social and civil institutions. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton, as well as others, believed the task was really by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. The majority of the critiques were favorable, with critics particularly appreciating Burke's writing skills. Some commentators failed to recognize the book's ironic quality, which culminated in Burke's statement that it was a satire in the preface to the second edition (1757).

Burke's impersonation was near-perfect and that it destroyed his mission, according to Richard Hurd, who said that an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation." Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforced, not just in the language, but also on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather real an earnest intent, half his work is sacrificed to the other." A minority of scholars have argued that Burke did write the Vindication in earnest but later disregarded it solely for political reasons.

Burke's book A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Sublime and Beautiful in 1757 attracted the attention of influential Continental thinkers such as Denis Diderot and Immanuel Kant. It was his solely philosophical research, and when Sir Joshua Reynolds and French Laurence had to extend it thirty years later, Burke replied that abstract speculation was no longer appropriate (Burke had written it before he was nineteen years old).

Burke signed a four-fold page book "history of England from Julius Caesar to the end of Queen Anne's reign." By Christmas 1758, it was scheduled to be published. Burke wrote an Essay in An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History until Burke's death in a 1812 collection of his works. Burke's history was ignored by G. M. Young, who said that it was "deathly a translation from the French." Lord Acton said "it is never to be regretted that the reverse did not take place" while commenting on Burke's death after David Hume revealed his.

Burke co-founded the influential Annual Register, a journal in which many writers rated the international political events of the previous year. Burke's contribution to the Annual Register is uncertain. Robert Murray's biography of Burke uses the Register as evidence of Burke's beliefs, but Philip Magnus in his biography does not explicitly mention it as a source. Burke was the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789, but there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

Burke married Jane Mary Nugent (1734-1812), the niece of Dr. Christopher Nugent, a Catholic physician who had provided him with medical care at Bath, on March 12, 1757. Their son Richard was born on February 9th, 1758, although an older brother, Christopher, died in infancy. Edmund Nagle (later Admiral Sir Edmund Nagle), the son of a maternal cousin who was orphaned in 1763, was also helped raise a ward by Burke.

Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton ("Single-speech Hamilton" at the time (known as "Single-speech Hamilton). Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a post he held for three years when Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland. Burke became the private secretary to liberal Whig politician Charles Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782.

Later life

In November 1795, there was a vote in Parliament over the high price of corn, and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the topic. Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill in December that gave magistrates the ability to set minimum wages, and Fox said he would vote for it. Burke certainly triggered him to edit his memorandum as there was a warning that Burke would shortly send a letter to Secretary of the Board of Agriculture Arthur Young, but he didn't manage to finish it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and then published posthumously in 1800 as Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. Burke "some of the political economists' theories regarding agriculture as a trade" in it. Burke criticized policies including maximum wages and state control of wages, as well as defining what the boundaries of government should be:

Burke was "the only man I ever knew who thinks on economic topics exactly as I do," the economist said, without any previous contacts between us."

Burke surveyed the causes of dissatisfaction with his letters to a friend in May 1795: "I think I can hardly overrate the primacy of Protestant ascendency's founding principles as they pertain to Ireland or Indianism [i.e.] Corporate tyranny, as the British East Indies Company's practiced, has a global presence in Asia; or Jacobinism; as they impact Asia and human society as a whole. The last is the greatest evil." Burke had changed his mind by March 1796: "Our government and our laws are being ruled by two new Enemies, Indianism, and Jacobinism, which are sapping its roots, are sapping its roots." In some cases, they act separately; in others they act together: I'm positive, but this is the worst by far, and it's impossible to live with; and, for other reasons, it reduces credibility and undermines the effectiveness of the first, which means the provision of Jacobinism with the most potent arms against any formal government.

Burke knew that his stomach was "irrecoverably ruined" a year before his death. Fox enquiring after Burke's death.

Fox received the reply the next day:

Burke died in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, on September 9, 1797, and he and his son and brother were buried there.

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