Ollanta Humala

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Lieutenant colonel Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (Spanish pronunciation: [ota umala]; born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as Peru's President from 2011 to 2016. He was born as a socialist and left-wing nationalist before his presidency, and he is thought to have shifted toward neoliberalism and the political center.

Humala is the son of famed Quechua labour advocate Isaac Humala, who was born to a prominent political family linked to the ethnocerist movement. Humala joined the Peruvian Army in 1981, eventually earning the rank of lieutenant colonel. He served in the internal war against left-wing militant group Shining Path, as well as the Cenepa War with neighboring Ecuador during his time in the military. Humala attempted an unsuccessful coup d'etat against President Alberto Fujimori during his reign; eventually, the Republic of Peru granted him amnesty and Humala was allowed to return to military service.

Humala entered electoral politics in 2005, establishing the Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) in order to run in the 2006 Peruvian general election. He faced former center-left president and American Popular Revolutionary Alliance candidate Alan Garca in the second round, losing by a narrow margin. Given the red tide in Latin America, his campaign attracted considerable international attention in 2006. He barely defeated Keiko Fujimori in the runoff in the 2011 Peruvian general election.

The election in Humala initially worried investors, who feared he would rule like leftist Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, a former ally of his. Humala will begin his term by selecting centrists for positions in his cabinet to assuage these concerns. Humala's unpopular presidency was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically savvy wife Nadine Heredia. Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala's mining policies, and they argued that he reneged on his campaign pledge to rein in mining firms.

Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities on suspicion of corruption in 2017. Humala attempted a political comeback in the 2021 presidential election but only received 1.5 percent of the vote, finishing in 13th place.

Early life, family, and education

Humala was born in Lima, Peru, on June 27th. Isaac Humala, a Quechua immigrant, is a labour advocate, member of Peru's Red Fatherland, and the Ethnocacerista movement's ideological leader. Elena Tasso, the mother of an old Italian family established in Peru at the end of the 19th century, is the Ellecta Tasso. He is the uncle of Antauro Humala, who is serving a 25-year prison term for kidnapping 17 police officers for three days and killing 4 of them, as well as the dismissal of former President Martn Vizcarra and professor Ulises Humala in 2020. Humala was born in Peru and attended Franco-Peruvian school Franco-Peruano and later the "Collective Cooperativo La Union," which was founded by a member of the Peruvian-Japanese group in Lima.

He began his military service in 1980 as he entered the Chorrillos Military School, like his brother Antauro (who had done so a year before). In 1983, he was enrolled in the School of the Americas (SOA), where he was in charge of the cadet combat program. He joined Artillery lieutenant on January 1, 1984, becoming part of the "Heroes of Pucará and Marcavalle" class.

He obtained the PADE in Business Administration from ESAN Graduate School of Business in 1997. He earned a master's degree in Political Science at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in 2001, and in 2002, he earned a master's degree in National Defense from the Center for Higher National Studies (CAEN).

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Military career

Humala's military career included participation in two major Peruvian conflicts in the last 20 years, including the war against the rebel group Shining Path and the 1995 Cenepa War with Ecuador. Humala, a captain, served in Tingo Mara, Huanuco, combating the Shining Path's remnants, and he served in the Cenepa War in 1995.

See also Locumba uprising (Spanish)

Humala led to a revolt in Toquepala against Alberto Fujimori on his last days as President in October 2000, owing to multiple corruption scandals. The most significant factor for the revolt was Vladimiro Montesinos, a former intelligence chief who had fled Peru for asylum in Panama after being caught on video attempting to bribe an opposition congressman. Montesinos' return sparked concerns that he still had a lot of influence in Fujimor's government, so Humala and about 40 other Peruvian troops revolted against their senior army commander. Montesinos believes that the uprising aided in his simultaneous escape.

Many of Humala's troops deserted him, leaving him with only 7 soldiers. Humala ordered Peruvian "patriots" to join him in the movement, and over 300 former soldiers led by his brother Antauro answered his call and were confirmed to have been in a convoy trying to join Humala. With the influential opposition newspaper La Repubbca, the Peruvian people's revolt regained some sympathy from the Peruvian people, "valiant and decisive, unlike most in Peru." Many letters from readers congratulating Ollanta and his staff were also sent in by the magazine.

Hundreds of soldiers were sent by the Army in the aftermath to capture the rebels. Humala and his crew managed to conceal until President Fujimori was barred from office a few days later, and Valentn Pania was proclaimed interim president. Both brothers relinquished on December tenacity in Lima, where they were transferred to the country's second Judicial Zone. The process's inception was ruled in favour of resistance, sedition, and insult to the emperor. Javier Valle Riestra, a lawyer from Humala, has requested an amnesty for the Humala, saying that they had "right to revolt against an illegitimate and totalitarian government." Congress granted them the requested amnesty on December 21, 2000, which was extended to military and civilian staff who served in the rebellion and Humala.

He was first sent as a military attaché to Paris and then to Seoul, where he was forcibly retired in December 2004. His forced resignation is believed to have played a role in Andahuaylas' etnocacerista revolt led by his brother Antauro Humala in January 2005.

Humala obtained a Master's Degree in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in 2002.

Political career

Humala formed the Partido Nacionalista Peruano (the Peruvian Nationalist Party) in October 2005 and ran for the presidency in 2006 with the help of the Union for Peru. (UPP).

Ambassador Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the former Peruvian Secretary General and founder of UPP, told the world that he did not endorse Humala's as the party's presidential nominee on December 5, 2005. He said that after being the UPP presidential candidate in 1995, he had no further contact with UPP and, as a result, did not vote for Humala as the party's presidential nominee in the 2006 elections.

While he was the commander of a military base in Madre Mia's jungle area from 1992 to 1993, there were allegations that he suffered in torture under the name of guerre "Captain Carlos" ("Captain Carlos." Humala's brother, Antauro Humala, claimed that the company had used such a word during their times in 2006. Humala confessed to being under the pseudonym Captain Carlos in an interview with Jorge Ramos, but later stated that other troops went under the same name and denied being involved in any human rights violations.

Humala's campaign came under fire when his father, Issac Humala, said, "I would grant amnesty to him (Abimael Guzmán) and the other imprisoned members of the Shining Path." He made similar remarks about amnesty for Vctor Polay, the organiser of the TRAC Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and other MRTA leaders. During his campaign, Ollanta Humala distanced himself from the more radical elements of his family. Humala's mother, in the meantime, released a statement on March 21 calling for homosexual rights to be fired.

Ulises Humala, Ollanta Humala's brother, campaigned against him in the primary, but he came in 14th place in the poll.

The first round of the Peruvian national election took place on April 9, 2006. Humala came in first place with 30.6 percent of the valid votes and immediately started preparing for a run-off election on June 4th. During the last week of April, Humala campaigned in Trujillo, an eminently Aprista town. He visited Ayacucho's department and then Puno's city. In Copacabana's border town of Evo Morales, the aforementioned president met with Bolivian President Evo Morales on May 9th and received his admiration from him.

Ramón Pérez Almodóvar, a Canarian journalist who was denied by the journalist, also confirmed that he was participating in the campaign. This is the website of a smuggling book.

A tape of former Peruvian intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos was released by Montesinos' lawyer on May 20, 2006, the day before the first presidential debate between Alan Garca and Ollanta Humala, allowing him to flee from Peru amid corruption scandals. Montesinos' account was described as a "farce, an operation of deception and manipulation."

Humala immediately responded to the allegations by accusing Montesinos of being in alliance with Garc's Aprista Party in the intention of jeopardizing his candidature. Humala was quoted as saying, "I want to announce my indignation at the statements" before going on to say, "Who profit from the declarations that stain Ollanta Humala's name." Alan Garca does appear to be benefited by the event. Montesinos wrote a letter to the media through his counsel that Humala was a "political pawn" of Cuban President Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in an "asymmetric war" against the US, according to a separate war. Humala is not a new ideology or political reformer, but rather an instrument," Montesinos said.

Humala's April 24th, 2006, warned of possible voter manipulation in the forthcoming second round elections, scheduled for June 4th. "No votes are not stolen from us during the tabulation at the polling tables," he encouraged UPP supporters to register. Humala went on to cite similar accusations of voting manipulation in the first round made by right-wing National Unity candidate Lourdes Flores, who told reporters that she had "lost at the tabulation tables, not at the ballot box." "I do not have evidence" when asked if he had proof for his allegations by CPN Radio Humala. If I had the facts, I would immediately condemn those accountable to the electoral system." Humala was "crying fraud" because the polls showed him losing the second round, according to Alan Garca.

The second round of the Peruvian elections was held on June 4, 2006. Humala conceded defeat to Alan Garca's campaign and congratulated the forces that competed against us, those of Mr Garcia, with 77% of votes counted and Humala down by 55% to 55% respectively.

Carlos Torres Caro, Humala's Vice Presidential nominee and elected Congressman for the Union for Peru (UPP), declared on June 12 that a faction of the UPP will split off from the party following differences with Humala, leading to what Torres describes as a "constructive opposition." Humala called on leftist parties to form a coalition with the UPP to form the country's largest opposition party. Humala had met with representatives of Peru's Communist Party – Red Fatherland and the New Left Movement. Humala said that the opposition will "make sure Garcia adheres to his electoral pledges" as a result of his visit to Garca's inauguration on July 28th.

Prosecutors in Peru announced charges against Humala on August 16th, 2006, for suspected human rights crimes such as forced disappearance, torture, and murder against Shining Path guerillas during his San Martn service. Humala denied the charges and said he was "a victim of political persecution." The allegations were "orchestrated by the Alan Garcia administration to neutralize any alternative to his power," he said.

Humala contested again in the Peruvian general election on April 10, 2011, with Marisol Espinoza as his candidate for First Vice President and Omar Chehade as his Second Vice President.

He formed the electoral alliance "Gana Peru," around the now-defunct Peruvian Nationalist Party, which is a party of the former Peruvian Nationalist Party. Later that day, he signed a political deal with several left-wing groups, including the Peruvian Communist Party, the Socialist Party, the National Socialist Party, the Socialist Party, the Socialist Voice Political Movement, and a critical area of the Lima for the All Political Movement.

Humala was in first place in the first round of the first round, winning 31.72% of the total valid votes. Because he did not manage to receive more than half of the valid votes, he advanced to the second round with opponent Keiko Fujimori, which took place on June 5th.

Ollanta Humala signed the "Compromiso en Defensa de la Democracia" on May 19th at National University of San Marcos, with the help of many Peruvian intellectuals and artists (including Mario Vargas Llosa with reservations). He ran as a center-left leader with the intention of helping to develop a more equitable framework for allocating the country's primary natural resources, with the intention of retaining foreign investment and economic development while still striving to improve the country's poor majority.

He was polling in a statistical tie with competitor Keiko Fujimori going into the runoff election on June 5th. He was elected Peru's 94th president with 55.5 percent of the vote.

Humala began a Latin American tour in order to consult with the heads of state of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Venezuela, Mexico, and Cuba three days after his election.

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Awards and decorations

•  Colombia:
  • Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca (11 February 2014)