Nursultan Nazarbayev

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Early life and career

Nazarbayev was born in Chemolgan, a small town near Almaty, when Kazakhstan was one of the Soviet Union's republics, to parents Bish Nazarbayev (1903-1977) and Aljan Nazarbayeva (1910–1971). During Joseph Stalin's collectivization drive, his father bished was a poor labourer who served for a wealthy local family before Soviet rule confiscated the family's farmland in the 1930s. Following this, his father took the family back to the mountains to live out a nomadic existence. Sunni Islam was the family's religious faith.

bish discontinued compulsory military service due to a bruised arm he had suffered while putting out a fire. The family returned to Chemolgan, where Nazarbayev and his paternal uncle were living in the village for a brief period of time after World War II, as his parents did not own the house for a brief period. In order to master Russian while interacting with them, Nazarbayev later chose to settle in the upper part of Chemolgan, where mainly ethnic Russians lived. Despite excelling at school, by the time Nazarbayev reached the tenth grade of a school, all the classes in the same grade were cancelled due to a teacher shortage, and as a result of 1957, he was sent to Abai Qunanbaiuly in Kaskelen. During this period, Nazarbayev's father, bish, wanted to ensure safe conditions for his son's learning and living, as well as possibly avoiding peers' smears by renting an apartment for Nazarbayev in the village.

Nazarbayev graduated from school and received a one-year government-funded scholarship at Temirtau's Karaganda Steel Mill. He spent time at a steel plant in Dniprodzerzhynsk, which meant he was away from Temirtau when protests broke out over working conditions. He was making a decent wage doing "very heavy and risky work" in the blast furnace by the age of 20. Sara Nazarbayeva was born in Nazarbayev's hometown on August 25, 1962, when he was a dispatcher at the same steel mill where he worked. Both groups will have three children: Dariga, Dinara, and Aliya, who were born in 1963, 1967, and 1980, respectively.

While attending the Karagandy Polytechnic Institute on November 15, 1962, Nazarbayev joined the Communist Party, becoming a leading member of the Young Communist League (Komsomol) and full-time staff for the party. He was elected secretary of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972 and became the second Secretary of the Karaganda Regional Party Committee four years later.

Nazarbayev, a bureaucrat, wrestled with administrative records, logistical difficulties, and industrial disputes, as well as meeting staff to discuss individual problems. "The central allocation of capital investment and distribution of funds," he later wrote, meant that infrastructure was weak, workers were demoralized, and overworked, and centrally set goals were unrealistic; he saw the steel plant's challenges as a microcosm of Soviet Union problems as a whole.

Nazarbayev, the youngest-ever cabinetholder in the Soviet Union at the age of 42, became the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (Chairman of the Council of Ministers), the youngest-ever officeholder in the Soviet Union to serve in the post under Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. The Perestroika policies began to function under Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership, although Nazarbayev himself was seen as a more experienced policy maker whose goals and positions had already been developed during the Khrushchev Thaw's 1965 Soviet economic reform. At that time, Kazakhstan was seen as a backwater republic within the Soviet Union, heavily reliant on abundant raw materials, particularly in mining industries, and was compelled to import Chinese consumer products from other Soviet republics. It faced challenges in the countryside, including land based farming, as well as housing for farmers, and a lack of accessible preschools for rural children who were reportedly met with disagreements in the republic's leadership.

At the 16th Session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, growing frustrated with the country's poor sSR's inability, Nazarbayev, the Academy of Sciences' president, chastised for not reforming his branch. Dinmukhamed, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, was deeply distraught and betrayed. Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal, while Nazarbayev's backers campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion.

Kunayev was deposed in 1986 and replaced by Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian who had no power in Kazakhstan despite his position, had no authority in Kaz. On June 22, 1989, Nazarbayev was named party leader and First Secretary of the Communist Party, but it was only the second Kazakh (after Kunayev) to hold the position. He was the chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 22 February to April 1990.

Nazarbayev was elected as Kazakhstan's first President on April 24th, 1990 by the Supreme Soviet. Boris Yeltsin, the Russian hardliners, backed Russian President Boris Yeltsin against the attempted coup attempt in August 1991. Nazarbayev was close enough to Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for Gorbachev's appointment as Vice President of the Soviet Union, but Nazarbayev turned down the bid. However, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Nazarbayev discussed and agreed on the fact that Nazarbayev would replace Valentin Pavlov as Prime Minister of the Soviet Union once the New Union Treaty was signed on July 29.

Following the failed coup, the Soviet Union disintegrated, but Nazarbayev, who was deeply concerned about retaining the close economic links between Kazakhstan and Russia, was mainly concerned. He appeared alone on the ballot in the country's first presidential election, which took place on December 1st, winning 95% of the vote. He signed the Alma-Ata Protocol on December 21, putting Kazakhstan into the Commonwealth of Independent States.

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