Malcolm X

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El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as Malcolm X, was an American Muslim minister and human rights lawyer who was a popular figure in the civil rights movement.

He is best known for his tumultuous advocacy for the rights of blacks in the nation's harshest terms for its violence against black Americans; he was accused of preaching bigotry and violence.

He has been dubbed one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, he spent his teenage years in a string of foster homes following his father's death and his mother's hospitalization.

Little was involved in numerous illicit activities and was eventually sentenced to ten years in jail for larceny and breaking and entering in 1946.

In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam (NOI) and changed his name to Malcolm X because, he later wrote, "the white slavemaster... had imposed on [his] paternal ancestors."

He became one of the company's most influential executives after being paroled in 1952. Malcolm X served as the public face of the revolt for a dozen years, where he advocated for black liberation, the separation of black and white Americans, and dismissed the argument of the civil rights movement for its emphasis on racial integration.

He also expressed pride in some of the nation's most notable programs, especially the free drug rehab program.

Malcolm X's assassination of Communism in the 1950s was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for the Nation's apparent links to Communism. Malcolm X began to be disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, particularly its leader Elijah Muhammad.

Instead of feeling sorry for his time with them, which he had come to see as largely wasted, he converted Sunni Islam.

After finishing Hajj, Malcolm X began to advocate for racial integration and ravowed bigotry, whereby he became known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz.

After a brief period of travel across Africa, he particularly condemned the NOI and founded Muslim Mosque, Inc.

Pan-Africanism will be emphasized by MMI (Mexico) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). His war with the NOI raged throughout 1964, and three of its members assassinated him on February 21, 1965. Hundreds of streets and schools in the United States have been named in honor of Malcolm X Day in various cities and countries around the world, and hundreds of streets and schools in the United States have been named in his honour.

Early years

Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on May 19, 1925, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little (née Norton) and Georgia-born Earl Little. Earl was a public Baptist lay speaker, and he and Louise were Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey's supporters. Earl, a local chief of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and Louise served as both secretary and "branch reporter," delivering news of local UNIA efforts to Negro World; they inculcated self-reliance and black pride in their children. Malcolm X later stated that white violence killed four of his father's brothers.

Earl's UNIA activities were described as "spreading trouble" by Ku Klux Klan threats, and the family migrated to Milwaukee in 1926 and later to Lansing, Michigan. The family was regularly harassed by the Black Legion, a white supremacist party Earl accused of burning their family's house in 1929.

Malcolm's father was killed in what has been ruled a streetcar accident, although his mother Louise believed Earl had been killed by the Black Legion when he was six years old. As a youth, rumors that white people were responsible for his father's death were widely distributed, and it was extremely troubling to Malcolm X. He expressed indebritive beliefs on the subject as an adult. Louise received a life insurance discount (nominally $1,000 — about $18,000 in 2021) in payments of $18 a month; the issuer of another, larger insurance company refused to pay, citing her husband Earl's suicide. Louise rented out a portion of her garden and her sons hunted for treasures to bring to an end.

Louise, a 1937 bride who had been dating when she first became pregnant with his child, was barred from her life. She had a nervous breakdown and was admitted to Kalamazoo State Hospital in late 1938. The children were separated and escorted to foster homes. Malcolm and his siblings were able to get her out 24 years later.

Malcolm attended West Junior High School in Lansing and then Mason High School in Mason, Michigan, but he dropped out early in 1941, before graduating. He excelled in junior high school but dropped out of high school after a white teacher told him that exercising law, his aspiration at the time, was "no viable goal for a nigger." Malcolm X recalled feeling that the white world had no place for a career-oriented Black man, regardless of his abilities.

Malcolm worked in Roxbury, a predominantly African-American neighborhood in Boston, from age 14 to 21, and he and his half-sister Ella Little-Collins served in a variety of professions.

After a brief time in Flint, Michigan, he moved to Harlem, New York City, in 1943, where he found work on the New Haven Railroad and became involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping. Malcolm also had sex with other guys occasionally, mainly for money, according to biographer Bruce Perry, though those who knew him were skeptical. He befriended John Elroy Sanford, a fellow dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack in Harlem, who aspired to be a professional comedian. Both men had reddish hair, so Sanford was named "Chicago Red" after his hometown, and Malcolm was branded "Detroit Red" by the city. Sanford's name was later discovered as comedian and actor Redd Foxx.

He feigned mental disturbance by rambling and declaring, "I want to be sent down South." Summoned by the local draft board for military service in World War II. Organize them nigger soldiers... rob us some weapons and kill us [some] crackers." He was deemed "mentally incompetent for military service."

Malcolm returned to Boston, Massachusetts, with four others, starting a string of burglary attacks on wealthy white families. He was arrested in 1946 while attempting to recover a missing watch and in February, he began serving an eight-to-ten-year term in Charlestown State Prison for larceny, breaking and entering. Malcolm was released from Norfolk Prison Colony (also in Massachusetts) two years later.

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