Linus Pauling

Chemist

Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, United States on February 28th, 1901 and is the Chemist. At the age of 93, Linus Pauling biography, profession, age, height, weight, eye color, hair color, build, measurements, education, career, dating/affair, family, news updates, and networth are available.

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Date of Birth
February 28, 1901
Nationality
United States
Place of Birth
Portland, Oregon, United States
Death Date
Aug 19, 1994 (age 93)
Zodiac Sign
Pisces
Profession
Biochemist, Biophysicist, Chemist, Crystallographer, Esperantist, Peace Activist, Physicist, University Teacher
Linus Pauling Height, Weight, Eye Color and Hair Color

At 93 years old, Linus Pauling physical status not available right now. We will update Linus Pauling's height, weight, eye color, hair color, build, and measurements.

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Weight
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Linus Pauling Religion, Education, and Hobbies
Religion
Not Available
Hobbies
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Education
Oregon State University (BS), California Institute of Technology (PhD)
Linus Pauling Spouse(s), Children, Affair, Parents, and Family
Spouse(s)
Ava Helen Miller, ​ ​(m. 1923; died 1981)​
Children
4
Dating / Affair
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Parents
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Linus Pauling Career

Career

Pauling received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Munich, Germany, to study under German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, Danish physicist Niels Bohr in Munich, and Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in Zürich. Both three researchers were experts in the emerging field of quantum mechanics and other aspects of physics. Pauling was interested in how quantum mechanics could be used in his chosen field of interest, which was the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Pauling was also exposed to one of the first quantum mechanical experiments of bonding in the hydrogen molecule by Walter Heitler and Fritz London in Zürich. Pauling devoted the two years of his European tour to this field and decided to make it the object of his future research. He was one of the first scientists to study quantum chemistry and a pioneer in the application of quantum theory to molecules.

Pauling took up an assistant professor at Caltech in 1927. He began his faculty career with a five-year career, including his X-ray crystal studies and also performing quantum mechanical calculations on atoms and molecules. He wrote approximately fifty papers in those five years and introduced the five rules now known as Pauling's laws. By 1929, he had been promoted to associate professor and then, by 1930, to full professor. The American Chemical Society granted Pauling the Langmuir Award for the most significant contribution to pure science by a person 30 years old or younger in 1931. Pauling's next year, he released what he considered his most influential paper, in which he first introduced the idea of hybridization of atomic orbitals and investigated the carbon atom's tetravalency.

Pauling developed a strong relationship with theoretical physicist Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley, who spent part of his research and teaching schedule at Caltech each year. Pauling was also a Berkeley Lecturer in Physics and Chemistry from 1929 to 1934. Even Pauling received a stunning personal collection of minerals from Oppenheimer. The two men intended to launch a joint attack on the chemical bond: according to Oppenheimer, the math would be performed and Pauling would interpret the findings. Oppenheimer threatened to sue Ava Helen, Pauling's wife. Oppenheimer came to their house and blurted out an invitation to Ava Helen to join him for a tryst in Mexico while Pauling was at work. She flatly refused and reported the incident to Pauling. Oppenheimer broke off his acquaintance right away.

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Pauling took another European trip in 1930, during which he learned about gas-phase electron diffraction from Herman Francis Mark. He developed an electron diffraction unit at Caltech with Lawrence Olin Brockway, a student of his, and used it to investigate a variety of chemical compounds' molecular structure.

In 1932, Pauling introduced the notion of electronegativity. He developed a scale and a single numerical value for most of the elements, which is useful in predicting atom-to-molecule bonds.

Pauling was promoted to Chairman of the Caltech Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in 1936 and then to Director of the Gates and Crellin Chemistry laboratories. Both positions will be open until 1958. Pauling served at the University of Oxford as George Eastman Visiting Professor and Fellow of Balliol for a year in 1948.

Pauling began releasing papers on the chemical bond in the late 1920s. He worked at Cornell University as George Fischer Baker Non-Resident Lecturer in Chemistry from 1937 to 1938. He gave a series of nineteen lectures and wrote the bulk of his famous textbook The Nature of the Chemical Bond while at Cornell. Preface It is based on his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of complex substances. Pauling's book has been dubbed "chemistry' most influential book of the decade and its most influential bible." The book was referenced more than 16,000 times in the 30 years since its first edition was published in 1939. And today, many modern scientific papers and journals in top journals cite this research, more than seven years since it first appeared.

Pauling's research into the origins of the chemical bond led to the development of the concept of orbital hybridization. Although it is normal to think of electrons in an atom as being represented by orbitals of type s and p, it turns out that when describing the bonding in molecules, it is also possible to create functions that partake of some of the properties of each. According to the one and three 2p orbitals in a carbon atom, the two two orbitals can be (mathematically) mixed or combined to produce four equivalent orbitals (called sp3 hybrid orbitals), or the 2s orbital's can be combined with two of the 2p orbitals to produce three equivalent orbitals, with three of the 2p orbitals remaining unhybridized, which would be the correct orbitals to describe certain unsaturated carbon compounds, such as a 111–120 Other hybridization schemes are also present in other forms of molecules. He also investigated the connection between ionic bonding, where electrons are exchanged between atoms, and covalent bonding, where electrons are exchanged between atoms are exchanged between atoms are shared between atoms on a parabolic basis. These were only extremes, and Pauling said that in the majority of cases of bonding, the quantum-mechanical wave function for a polar molecule AB is a combination of wave functions for covalent and ionic molecules. 66 Here's a guide to electron egativity; the difference between a pair of atoms can be the most reliable predictor of bond ionicity.

The account of aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly the prototype, benzene, was the third of Pauling's three topics under the general heading of "the chemical bond." Friedrich Kekulé, a German chemist, had the best description of benzene. He had portrayed it as a quick conversion between two buildings, each with alternating single and double bonds, but one structure's double bonds were present in the locations where the single bonds were located in the other. Pauling demonstrated that a proper description based on quantum mechanics was a transition between each other. Rather than a rapid interconversion between them, the building was a superposition of structures rather than a rapid interconversion. Later, the term "resonance" was coined to describe this phenomenon. In a sense, this phenomenon resembles hybridization and also polar bonding, since the three phenomena require more than one electronic system to produce an intermediate result.

Pauling introduced five laws in 1929 that help to identify and describe crystal structures of ionic compounds. These laws relate to (1) the ratio of cation radius to anion radius, (2) the electrostatic bond strength, (3) the selling of polyhedron corners, edges, and faces, (4) crystals of various cations, and (5) the principle of parsimony.

Pauling, who was greatly influenced by the Rockefeller Foundation's biologically focused funding priorities, decided to explore new areas of concern in the mid-1930s. Despite Pauling's early interest in inorganic molecular structures, he had occasionally considered molecules of biological importance, partly because of Caltech's increasing success in biology. Pauling worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan, Theodosius Dobzhanski, Calvin Bridges, and Alfred Sturtevant, among other notable biologists. Charles D. Coryell, his undergraduate, participated in early studies in this field, including studies of hemoglobin's anatomy. When an oxygen molecule gains or loses an oxygen molecule, it changes structure, according to He. As a result of this finding, he decided to do a more comprehensive analysis of protein structure in general. He went back to his old X-ray diffraction analysis. Protein structures were also less suited to this method than his former ceramic minerals. The best X-ray photographs of proteins in the 1930s had been produced by British crystallographer William Astbury, but Pauling could not account for Astbury's quantum mechanically flawed results.

Pauling took eleven years to explain the issue; his mathematical interpretation was correct, but Astbury's photographs were taken in a way that the protein molecules were tilted from their intended positions. Pauling had developed a hemoglobin model in which atoms were arranged in a helical pattern, and he had applied this theory to proteins in general.

Pauling, Robert Corey and Herman Branson suggested the alpha helix and beta sheet as the primary structural motifs in protein secondary structure in 1951, based on amino acids and peptides' planar nature of the peptide bond. Pauling's ability was demonstrated by this work; the unorthodox assumption that one turn of the helix would have a non-integer number of amino acid residues is prominent; for the alpha helix, there are 3.7 amino acid residues per turn.

Pauling said that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a triple helix; his model contained several key inaccuracies, including a suggestion of neutral phosphate groups, which was inconsistent with DNA's acidity. Sir Lawrence Bragg had been dissatisfied that Pauling had won the competition to find the alpha helix structure of proteins. Bragg's team made a fundamental mistake in designing their protein models by failing to recognize the peptide bond's planar nature. When it was revealed at the Cavendish Laboratory that Pauling was working on molecular models of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick were able to create a molecular model of DNA. They later obtained a helix and planar base stacking along the helix axis from unpublished data from Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College, which showed signs of a helix and planar base stacking along the helix axis. Watson and Crick suggested a proper frame for the DNA double helix in 1953. Pauling cited several reasons later to explain how he had been misled by DNA's structure, including inaccurate density estimates and a lack of high-quality X-ray diffraction photographs. Rosalind Franklin, who was in England at the time, was creating the world's best images. Watson and Crick's triumph were largely due to their success. Pauling did not see them before deciding on his incorrect DNA model, but his assistant Robert Corey did see at least some of them while taking Pauling's place in England in the summer 1952 protein conference. Pauling had to be turned down by the State Department because of suspicion of Communist sympathies. This culminated in Pauling's belief that DNA was missing due to the day's politics (this was at the start of the McCarthy period in the United States). Politics did not play a significant part in the establishment of the United Kingdom. Not only did Corey see the photos at the time, but Pauling himself regained his passport within a few weeks and toured English laboratories well before preparing his DNA report. He had a chance to tour Franklin's lab and see her work but decided not to.

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Pauling also investigated enzyme reactions and was among the first to point out that enzymes promote reactions by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction, a factor in understanding their mechanism of action. He was also one of the first scientists to postulate that antibodies bound to antigens would be due to a complementarity between their structures. As suggested by a few researchers, he wrote an early paper arguing that DNA replication was likely to be due to complementarity rather than similarity. In Watson and Crick's model of DNA, this was made clear.

Pauling, Harvey Itano, S. J., was born in November 1949. In the journal Science, Singer and Ibert Wells wrote "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease." It was the first evidence of a human disease caused by an abnormal protein, and sickle cell anemia became the first disease to be recognized at the molecular level. (It was not, however, the first demonstration that distinct forms of hemoglobin could be distinguished by electrophoresis, which had not been seen by Maud Menten and collaborators many years earlier). They discovered that people with sickle cell disease had a modified form of hemoglobin in their red blood cells, and that people with sickle cell disease had both the normal and abnormal forms of hemoglobin. This was the first demonstration connecting an abnormal protein to a disease, and it was also the first demonstration that Mendelian ancestorization determines proteins' specific physical characteristics, not simply their presence or absence – the emergence of molecular genetics.

Pauling's success with sickle cell anemia led him to believe that a variety of other disorders, including mental disorders such as schizophrenia, may be related to genetic abnormalities. He promoted the recruitment of researchers with a chemical-biomedical approach to mental disorders as chairman of the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and director of the Gates and Crellin Chemical Laboratories, a trend that wasn't always popular among Caltech chemists.

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Pauling gave a lecture on "Molecular Medicine" in 1951. He investigated the role of enzymes in brain function in the late 1950s, assuming that mental disorders may be partly due to enzyme imbalances.

Pauling started a new research notebook on September 16, 1952, with the note: "I have decided to solve the nucleus's nucleus's nuclei's nucleus' structure." Pauling published his Close-Packed Spheron Model of the Atom Nucleus in two well-reced journals, Science and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on October 15, 1965. Pauling wrote numerous papers on his spheron cluster model for nearly three decades before his death in 1994.

A nucleus can be thought of as a series of "clusters of nucleons," according to Pauling's spheron model. The deuteron [np], helion [pnp], and triton [npn] are among the basic nucleon clusters. Even nuclei have been described as being made of nuclei clusters of alpha particles, as has often been done for light nuclei. Rather than starting from an external particle model as in the common shell model, Pauling attempted to derive the nucleus shell structure from pure geometrical considerations related to Platonic solids rather than starting from an integrated particle model. In an interview given in 1990, Pauling spoke about his model:

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Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless have been named Nobel Laureates in Chemistry

www.dailymail.co.uk, October 5, 2022
Three scientists have been rewarded this year for their 'click' chemistry, which involves chopping smaller molecules together to produce larger and more complex ones. Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless all worked together to make the process useful to living organisms' in what they call 'bioorthogonal chemistry.' The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has been given the award, worth ten million Swedish crowns (£804,465) (£804,072 USD). Bertozzi and Sharpless are both from the United States and are affiliated with Stanford University and Scripps Research, respectively, while Danish scientist Meldal works at the University of Copenhagen. The winners of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, were announced this morning by Hans Ellegren, deputy general of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Johan qvist, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said, "not overcomplicating problems is the main goal, rather than working with what is straightforward and straightforward.' Functional molecules can be produced even if you go along for a straightforward route.'