Lawrence Durrell

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Lawrence George Durrell (27 February 1912–7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel blogger.

Gerald Durrell, the oldest brother of naturalist and writer Gerald Durrell, was he. He was born in India to British colonial parents and was sent to England at the age of 11.

He didn't like formal education, but he began writing poetry at age 15.

When he was 23 years old, his first book was published in 1935.

He and his wife, along with his mother and younger siblings, arrived on Corfu's island in March 1935.

Durrell lived around the world for many years afterward. The Alexandria Quartet, a tetralogy published between 1957 and 1960, is his most popular work.

Justine is the first book in the series, and it is the first in the series.

Durrell published The Avignon Quintet in 1974, employing several of the same techniques.

In 1974, the first of these books, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness, received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

Constance, or Solitary Practices, was nominated for the 1982 Booker Award.

Durrell, a best-selling author and one of England's most popular writers, helped support his writing for many years in the British government's Foreign Service.

His sojourns in various countries during and after World War II (such as his time in Alexandria, Egypt) inspired a large portion of his artwork.

He married four times and had a daughter with each of his first two wives.

Early years in India and England, aspiration in England.

Durrell was born in Jalandhar, British India, the eldest son of Indian-born British colonials Louisa (who was Anglo-Irish) and Lawrence Samuel Durrell, an engineer of English descent, was born in Jalandhar, an engineer of English origins. St. Joseph's School, North Point, Darjeeling, was his first school. Gerald Durrell, Leslie Durrell, and Margaret Durrell were three younger brothers — two brothers and a sister.

Durrell was sent to England for education, where he briefly attended St. Olave's Grammar School, Canterbury, as many other British children under the age of 11. His formal education was dissatisfaction, and he failed his university entrance examinations. At the age of 15, he began to write poetry seriously. Quaint Fragments, his first collection, was published in 1931, when he was 19 years old.

In 1928, Durrell's father died of a brain haemorrhage at the age of 43. His mother took the family to England, and Durrell, his younger sister, and his younger siblings settled in Bournemouth in 1932. Gerald, he and his younger brother Gerald, became friends with Alan G. Thomas, who owned a bookstore and planned to become an antiquarian.

Adult life and prose writings

Durrell married Nancy Isobel Myers (1912-1983), on January 22, 1935. It was the first of his four marriages. Durrell was always unhappy in England, and he and his mother and younger siblings were reluctant to move to Corfu, Greece's southern island. They may live more effectively and avoid both the English weather and what Durrell described as "the English death."

Pied Piper of Lovers, Durrell's first book, was released by Cassell in the same year. Around this time, he happened upon a copy of Henry Miller's 1934 book Tropic of Cancer. He wrote to Miller, expressing great admiration for his book after reading it. Durrell's letter sparked a long friendship and a mutually supportive relationship that spanned 45 years. Durrell's new book, Panic Spring, was strongly influenced by Miller's work, while The Black Book, a 1938 book, was full of "four-letter words... grotesques, [...][and] its mood was equally apocalyptic" as Tropic.

Lawrence and Nancy lived in Corfu in bohemian style. The couple lived in Kontokali's Villa Anemoyanni for the first few months. Durrell and Nancy moved to the White House in early 1936, a fisherman's cottage on the shore of Corfu's northeastern coast, then a tiny fishing village. Theodore Stephanides, a Greek doctor, researcher, and writer, was a frequent visitor to Durrell's house in 1939, and Miller stayed at the White House.

In the lyrical book Prote's Cell, Durrell fictionalized this period of his sojourn on Corfu. Gerald Durrell, Gerald Durrell's younger brother who became a naturalist, published his own version in his book My Family and Other Animals (1954) and the following two books of Gerald's so-called Corfu Trilogy, published in 1969 and 1978. Lawrence lives permanently with his mother and siblings, though his wife Nancy is not identified at all. Lawrence, in his turn, refers only to his brother Leslie, and he does not mention that his mother and two other siblings were also living on Corfu in those years. Both Gerald and Lawrence, for example, talk about the roles played in their lives by Corfiot taxi driver Spyros Halikiopoulos and Theodore Stephanides; Lawrence met in Corfu with Marie Aspioti, with whom he collaborated in the publication of Lear's Corfu.

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Lawrence and Nancy went to the Villa Seurat in Paris in August 1937 to speak with Henry Miller and Ana's Nin. "Because of Alfred Perles, Nin, Miller, and Durrell, a group of three writers collaborated on a project aimed at inventing their own literary movement. The Shame of the Morning and the Booster, a country club house organ that the Villa Seurat group appropriated "for their own artistic interpretation," were among their projects. . . "The book "Comes" is "ended." They also started the Villa Seurat Series in order to publish Durrell's Black Book, Miller's Max, and the White Phagocytes, as well as Nin's Winter of Artifice. The Obelisk Press' Jack Kahane served as the publisher.

T. S. Eliot, the Greek poet George Seferis, and Miller, Durrell said he had three literary uncles: T. Seferis, the Greek poet George Seferis, and Miller. He first read Miller after finding a copy of Tropic of Cancer that had been left behind in a public lavatory. The book turned him on "from stem to stern," he said.

The Black Book: An Agon, Durrell's first book of note, was heavily inspired by Miller; it was first published in Paris in 1938. The mildly pornographic work was not released in the United Kingdom until 1973. Lawrence Lucifer, the main protagonist of the tale, struggles to escape death's spiritual sterility and finds Greece to be a warm and fertile environment.

At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Durrell's mother and siblings returned to England, but Corfu's Nancy stayed on Corfu. Penelope Berengaria, Nancy's daughter, was born in 1940. Lawrence and Nancy survived via Crete to Alexandria, Egypt, following their fall from Greece. The marriage was already difficult, and they separated in 1942. Nancy brought the baby Penelope with her to Jerusalem.

Durrell had taken notes for a book about the island during his time in Corfu. He didn't write it down completely until he was in Egypt near the end of the civil war. Durrell wrote "This remarkable little speck of an island in the Ionian" with waters that are "like the heartbeat of the world itself" in the book Proscellation.

Durrell first served as a press attaché to the British embassies during World War II, first in Cairo and then Alexandria. Eve (Yvette) Cohen (1918–2004), a Jewish Alexandrian, was visiting Alexandria, Egypt. In The Alexandria Quartet, she influenced Justine's character. Durrell married Eve Cohen in 1947, shortly after his divorce from Nancy was complete. Sappho Jane, the couple's daughter, was born in Oxfordshire in 1951 and named after Greek poet Sappho.

Durrell received a post in Rhodes, the first of the Dodecane Islands that Italy had taken over from the disintegrating Ottoman Empire in 1912 during the Balkan Wars. German forces took over most of the islands and held them as besieged fortresses until the war's conclusion, with the Italian surrender to the Allies in 1943. At that time, mainland Greece was embroiled in civil war. At the time of the war's end, a provisional British military government was established in the Dodecanese, with pending power being transferred to Greece in 1947 as part of Italian war reparations. In the little gatekeeper's lodge of an old Turkish cemetery, just across the road from the British Administration's house. (Today it is the Casino in Rhodes' new town.) Eve Cohen's co-habitation with him could be discreetly dismissed by his employer, while the couple gained from remaining within the main building's perimeter security zone. Reflections on a Marine Venus was inspired by this period and was a lyrical celebration of the island. It avoids more than a passing mention of the difficult war years.

Durrell was elected director of the British Council Institute in Córdoba, Argentina, in 1947. He served there for eighteen months, giving lectures on cultural topics. He returned to London with Eve in the summer of 1948, around the time that Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia broke ties with Stalin's Cominform. Durrell was sent by the British Council to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and served there until 1952. This sojourn gave him information for his book White Eagles over Serbia (1957).

Eve had a nervous breakdown and was hospitalized in England in 1952. Sappho Jane and her mother Durrell migrated to Cyprus with their daughter Sappho Jane, buying a house and teaching English literature at the Pancyprian Gymnasium to support his writing. During the local resistance for unification with Greece, he served in public relations for the British government. He wrote about his time in Bitter Lemons, which earned the Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. He was chosen as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1954. In August 1956, Durrell left Cyprus. On the island, political insurgents and his British government position culminated in him becoming a target for assassination attempts.

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Justine, Durrell's first book of what was to be his most popular work, The Alexandria Quartet, was published in 1957. Justine, Balthazar (1958), Mountolive (1958), and Clea (1960), all dealing with events before and during the Second World War in Alexandria, Egypt's city. The first three books are based on the same plot and sequence of events, but with different viewpoints of different characters. In his opening note in Balthazar, Durrell referred to this process as "relativistic." Only in the final novel, Clea, does the story advance in time and come to an end. "The city that used us as its flora; the variety and vividness of its characters; its movement between the personal and political; and its locations in and around Alexandria, which Durrell describes as the principal protagonist, "precipitated in us conflicts that were hers and mistook for our own": beloved Alexandria, beloved Alexandria. "If ever a work bore a recognizable signature on every sentence, this is it."

Durrell had been nominated for the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature, but not on the final list, when the Nobel Records were published after 50 years. However, he did receive serious attention in 1962, alongside Robert Graves, Jean Anouilh, and Karen Blixen, but ultimately lost to John Steinbeck. "Durrell was not to be given priority this year," the Academy decided, "they didn't think that The Alexandria Quartet was large enough, so they decided to keep him under surveillance for the future." However, he was never nominated again. "He gives a dubious aftertaste..." they continued to say "because of [his] monomaniacal preoccupation with sexual difficulties."

Durrell and Eve Cohen were divorced in 1955. In 1961, he married Claude-Marie Vincendon, whom he met on Cyprus. She was born in Alexandria, a Jewish woman. When Claude-Marie died of cancer in 1967, Durrell was devastated. Ghislaine de Boysson, a French woman, married him for the fourth time and last time in 1973. In 1979, the two married.

Durrell bought a large house on the edge of the village in Sommières, France. The house was built on large grounds surrounded by a wall. Tunc (1968) and Nunquam (1970) are among his writings. He also completed The Avignon Quintet, which appeared in 1974 to 1985 and featured many of the same motifs and styles found in his metafictional Alexandria Quartet. Though Durrell's works are often described as a quintet, Durrell referred to it as a "quincunx."

The first book, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1974. Durrell was living in the United States and teaching as the Andrew Mellon Visiting Professor of Humanities at the California Institute of Technology. In 1982, the middle novel of the quincunx, Constance, or Solitary Practices (1981), which depicts France in the 1940s during the German occupation, was nominated for the Booker Award.

Other works from this period include Sicilian Carousel, a non-fiction commemoration of that island, and Caesar's Vast Ghost, which is based on and mainly about the region of Provence, France.

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