Hart Crane

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Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932), an American poet, was a poet.

Crane, a poet who was both inspired and provoked, wrote modernist poetry that was difficult, highly stylized, and broad in scope.

The Bridge, Crane's most experimental piece, he wrote an epic poem in the vein of The Waste Land, that displayed a more optimistic view of modern urban life in comparison to the one he found in Eliot's collection.

Crane has been praised by playwrights, writers, and literary commentators alike for his career as one of the nation's most influential poets.

Life and work

Crane was born in Garrettsville, Ohio, the son of Clarence A. Crane and Grace Edna Hart. His father, a wealthy Ohio businessman who created the Life Savers candy and held the patent, sold it for $2,900 before the brand became popular. He made other candy and gained a fortune from the chocolate bar business. Crane's mother and father were always fighting, and they divorced early in April 1917. Crane dropped out of East High School in Cleveland during his junior year and moved to New York City, promising his parents that he would attend Columbia University later this year. His parents, who were in the middle of their divorce process, were distraught. Crane hopped between friends' apartments in Manhattan and worked on various copywriting jobs. He bounced between New York and Cleveland between 1917 and 1924, both as an advertising copywriter and a factory employee for his father's business. From Crane's letters, it appears that New York was where he felt most at home, and that a large portion of his poetry was set there.

Small but well-respected literary journals published some of Crane's poems in the early 1920s, gaining him a following among the avant-garde's (Wink Buildings (1926), his first volume, ratified and expanded. Many of Crane's best poems, including "For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen," and "Voyages," a series of erotic poems, are included in White Buildings. They were written while Emil Opffer, a Danish merchant mariner, was falling in love with him. "Faustus and Helen" was part of a larger cultural struggle to reconcile modernity with something more than despair. Crane characterized T. S. Eliot with this kind of sadness, and although he acknowledged the greatness of The Waste Land, he also stated that it was "so damned dead," an impasse, and that he was characterized by a refusal to see "certain spiritual events and possibilities." Crane's self-appointed role would be to bring those spiritual experiences and possibilities to poetic life, as well as providing "a mystical synthesis of America."

Crane returned to New York in 1928, living with colleagues and taking temporary jobs as a copywriter, or working off the charity of friends and his father. For a time, he lived in Willow Street until his father, Opffer, invited him to live in Opffer's house, 108 Columbia Heights in Brooklyn Heights. Crane was overjoyed with the views he was given at his new home. In 1924, he wrote to his mother and grandmother.

In The Bridge (1930), intended to be a uplifting counter to Eliot's The Waste Land, he spoke about synthesize America. The Brooklyn Bridge is both the poem's central symbol and its poetic starting point. Crane discovered a place in Brooklyn to begin his synthesis. Otto H. Kahn, an arts patron, was given $2,000 to begin working on the epic poem. Crane left Paris in early 1929, but he didn't manage to resolve his personal problems when he wore out his welcome at the Opffers'. Although he was finishing The Bridge in the late 1920s, his drinking, which was always a problem, became much worse in the late 1920s.

Harry Crosby, along with his partner Caresse Crosby, founded the fine arts journal Black Sun Press in Paris, sold Crane Le Moulin du Soleil in Ermenonville, which was in 1929. They hoped that by the time he would be focusing on finishing The Bridge. Crane spent several weeks at his estate, roughing out a draft of the "Cape Hatteras" section, which is a key component of his epic poem. Crane went from France's south to Paris in late June of this year. "Hart C. back from Marseilles, where he slept with his thirty sailors and then started drinking Cutty Sark," Crosby wrote in his journal. Crane became inebriated at the Cafe Select and fought with waiters over his tab. When the Paris police were called, he fought with them and was beaten. They arrested and imprisoned him, fineing him 800 francs. After Hart spent six days in prison in La Santé, Crosby paid Crane's fine and loaned him money for the passage back to the United States, where he eventually finished The Bridge. The work received poor reviews, and Crane's sense of loss was overwhelming.

Crane attended Mexico in 1931-32 on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and his drinking continued as he suffered from bouts of alternating depression and elation. Peggy Cowley, the wife of Malcolm Cowley's friend, married Malcolm Cowley, was a member of Crane at the time, she joined Crane. She was his first heterosexual partner, as far as is known. One of his last published poems, "The Broken Tower," emerged from that tragedy. Despite his friendship with Cowley, Crane remained a failure, in part because he revived his homosexual activities.

He was beaten up while en route to New York aboard the steamship Orizaba, after making sexual advances to a male crew member. Crane jumped overboard into the Gulf of Mexico right before noon on April 27, 1932. Although he had been drinking heavily and left no suicide note, witnesses believed his intentions to be suicidal, as some others reported, "Goodbye, everybody!" Before throwing himself overboard, Tom was tossed overboard. His body was never recovered. The inscription "Harold Hart Crane 1899-1932 lost at sea" appears on his father's tombstone at Park Cemetery outside Garrettsville, Ohio.

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