Guru Tegh Bahadur

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Guru Tegh Bahadur (1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) was the ninth of the Sikh religion's ten Gurus.

The Guru Granth Sahib has 116 poetic hymns composed by him.

Guru Tegh Bahadur resisted forced conversions of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and non-Muslims to Islam, and was publicly punished in 1675 by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi for refusing to convert to Islam and saving Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and other non-Muslims.

The Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi are the places of execution and cremation of the Guru's body.

According to the Nanakshahi calendar published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 2003, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom is commemorated as the Shaheedi Divas of Guru Tegh Bahadur every year on November 24.

Early life

Guru Tegh Bahadur was Guru Hargobind's youngest son, and the sixth guru of Guru Hargobind. Tyaga Mal was born in Amritsar in the early hours of 1 April 1621. After he had shown his valor in a battle against the Mughals, he came to be known by the name Tegh Bahadur (Mighty of the Sword), which was given to him by Guru Hargobind.

At the time, Amritsar was the center of the Sikh faith. It had established the characteristics of a State capital as the seat of the Sikh Gurus and due to its ties to Sikhs in remote areas of the country through Masands or missionaries chains, giving it the characteristics of a State capital.

Guru Tegh Bahadur was born into the Sikh religion and was educated in archery and horsemanship. In addition, he was taught the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. Tegh Bahadur was born in Mata Gujri on February 3, 1632.

Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki, together with Tegh Bahadur and Mata Gujri, moved to Bakala in the Amritsar district in the 1640s, just shy of his death. Bakala was once a wealthy town with many beautiful lakes, wells, and baolis, as illustrated in Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi. Tegh Bahadur and his wife and mother survived in Bakala following Guru Hargobind's death.

Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox in March 1664. When asked by his followers who would lead them after him, he replied Baba Bakala, implying that his successor was to be discovered in Bakala. Many Bakala residents installed themselves as the new Guru, profiting from the ambiguity in the words of the deceased Guru. The discovery of so many claimants was perplexed among Sikhs.

There is a legend in which Tegh Bahadur was chosen as the ninth guru in Sikh tradition. Baba Makhan Shah Labana, a wealthy trader, had once prayed for his life and had promised 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru if he lived. He was on the lookout for the ninth Guru. He went from one claimant to the next, from one making his obeisance and giving two gold coins to each Guru, hoping that the right guru would know that his unethical promise was to give 500 coins for his protection. Any "guru" he encountered accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Tegh Bahadur had lived at Bakala when he learned it. Tegh Bahadur was given the traditional two gold coins by Labana. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and told him that his offering was considerably less than the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah Labana made the effort and ran upstairs. "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru," he yelled from the rooftop, "Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re" means "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru."

A Sikh Sangat arrived in Bakala in August 1664 and named Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs. The Sangat was led by Diwan Durga Mal, the elder brother of Guru Tegh Bahadur, who gave him Guruship.

Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armour as had been the case among Sikhs after Mughal Emperor Jahangir's execution of Guru Arjan. He lived an austere life.

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