Carlos Ghosn

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Carlos Ghosn, KBE (French: [ka?l?s gon], born March 9, 1954, is a Lebanese businessman of Lebanese ancestry.

Ghosn was previously chairman and CEO of Michelin North America, chairman and CEO of Renault, chairman and CEO of AvtoVAZ, chairman and CEO of Nissan, and chairman of Mitsubishi Motors.

Through a complicated cross-shareholding agreement, Ghosn was both chairman and CEO of the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, a strategic alliance between the two automakers.

Renault has held a mere 10% market share since 2010, and as of 2017, was expected to be the world's largest automobile company.

Ghosn's proposal to cut costs for the period 1998–2000 included laying off employees, updating manufacturing processes, standardizing vehicle components, and pushing for the introduction of new models.

The company also underwent organizational changes, including the introduction of a lean production system with delegated responsibilities based on Japanese techniques (the "Renault Production Way"), improving labor methods and centralizing research and development at its Technocentre to minimize vehicle conception costs while increasing such conception.

Early life and education

Bichara Ghosn, a Maronite Catholic who migrated from Ajaltoun, French Mandate Lebanon, to Brazil at the age of 13, eventually settling in rural Rondônia, Brazil's border. Bichara Ghosn started as an entrepreneur and later operated several companies in industries such as the rubber trade, the manufacture and sale of agricultural products, and aviation. His son Jorge Ghosn married Rose Jazzar, a Nigerian-born Lebanese woman whose family migrated from Miziara in Lebanon but later moved to Brazil, where they settled in Porto Velho, the state capital of Rondônia, and had four children.

Jorge Ghosn (died 2006) was a diamond trader who worked in airlines and worked in the airline industry, and Carlos' father Jorge Ghosn (died 2006) was a diamond trader who worked in the airline industry. In 1960, Jorge was found guilty of murdering a priest in Sawfar, Lebanon. During the 1975 Lebanese Civil War, Jorge moved to Brazil.

Carlos Ghosn was born in Porto Velho on March 9, 1954. He became sick after drinking unsanitary water while his mother moved with him to Rio de Janeiro when he was about two years old. He did not fully recover there, and when Ghosn was six years old, he and his mother and sister migrated to Beirut, Lebanon, where his grandmother and two other siblings lived.

Ghosn completed his secondary school studies in Lebanon at the Jesuit school Collège Notre Dame de Jamhour. He then completed his classes préparatoires in Paris, at the Collège Stanislas and the Lycée Saint-Louis. He graduated from École Polytechnique in 1974 and 1978 as an engineer, as well as the École des Mines de Paris.

Personal life

Rita Kordahi, a native of Rayfoun, Lebanon, and whom he met in France in 1984, was Ghosn's first marriage. Caroline, Nadine, Maya, and Anthony were born together. In 2012, they separated. In May 2016, Ghosn married Lebanese-American Carole Nahas, and held a large-scale Marie Antoinette-themed party at the Grand Trianon of Versailles, just south of Paris, to celebrate both the wedding and Carole's 50th birthday. He has six private residences in Tokyo, Rio de Janeiro, Amsterdam, Beirut, and New York, according to several Japanese media: in Tokyo, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Behren, Beirut, and New York.

As of 2006, Ghosn, the Forbes magazine's "most reliable man in the fiercely competitive global car industry," was splitting his time between Paris and Tokyo, with a total of 150,000 miles (241 400 kilometers) per year. "Seven-Eleven" was a Japanese word meaning "work very hard from early in the morning to late at night, according to Japanese media. He holds citizenship in Brazil, France, and Lebanese. He has been praised for his direct, results-and-execution-focused approach to company strategy meetings and for his ability to solve problems from within a company by listening to employees and then organizing cross-functional and cross-cultural teams.

Ghosn is multilingual, fluently in four languages – Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese – and Portuguese, and he has also studied Japanese. He is a partner in Ixsir, a winery in Lebanon's northern coastal town of Batroun. He was appointed to the Honor Board of the American Foundation of Saint George Hospital in Beirut in 2012.

In 2007, Ghosn was praised as a potential presidential candidate in Lebanon. Ghosn was ranked No. 1 in a Life-insurance company Axa's survey published in June 2011. "Which celebrity do you want to rule Japan?" a random poll asked Japanese people. (Barack Obama was No. 1) Prime Minister Naoto Kan was No. 9, and Prime Minister Naoto Kan was no. 9. 19.) He has so far avoided such overtures, saying he has "no political aspirations."

While detained, Ghosn's lawyers have said he has a chronic kidney disease that was exacerbated by his inability to obtain proper care.

In the manga comic book Big Comic Superior, beginning in November 2001, Ghosn's life story was turned into a superhero comic book series in Japan titled The True Story of Carlos Ghosn. In 2002, the series was published as a book. Both in Lebanese postage stamps and in bento boxes in Japanese restaurants has been reproduced.

A number of novels in English, Japanese, and French have been published about Ghosn. He wrote a best-selling business book in English called Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival. Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan by David Magee, he was the subject of another company book titled Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan. In a book called The Ghosn Factor: 24 Inspiring Lessons From Carlos Ghosn, the Most Effective Transnational CEO by Miguel Rivas-Micoud, he also provided strategic business advice and on-the-job training to young managers.

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Career

Ghosn started training and working in several plants in France and Germany after graduating in 1978. He took over Le Puy-en-Velay, France, as plant manager in 1981. He was named in 1984 as the head of research and development for the company's industrial tyre division.

In 1985, when Ghosn was 30 years old, he was named chief operating officer (COO) of Michelin's South American operations. He returned to Rio de Janeiro and told François Michelin, who had charged Ghosn with returning the company, which had been unsuccessful and struggling under Brazil's hyperinflation. Ghosn established cross-functional teams to find best practices among the French, Brazilian, and other international groups living in the South American division. The multicultural experience in Brazil influenced his cross-cultural leadership style and emphasis on plurality as a key company resource. "You learn from diversity, but commonality is comforted by commonality," Ghosn says. In two years, the division returned to profitability.

After turning around Michelin's South American operations, Ghosn was elected president and COO of Michelin North America in 1989 and moved to Greenville, South Carolina, with his family. In 1990, he was promoted to CEO of Michelin North America. After the company's takeover of the Uniroyal Goodrich Tyre Company, he presided over the company's reorganization.

Ghosn was also responsible for Renault's South American division, which is based in the Mercosur, in 1996. Ghosn's radical reorganization of Renault contributed to the company's success over 1997. Under the new CEO of Renault, his success under François Michelin was duplicated.

Renault and Nissan formed the Renault–Nissan Alliance in March 1999, and Renault purchased a 36.8% interest in Nissan in May 1999. Ghosn joined Nissan as its chief operating officer (COO) in June 1999 and was named chief executive officer (CEO) in June 2001 while still working in Renault. When he joined the company, Nissan had a consolidator interest-bearing net automotive debt of more than $2 billion (more than 2 trillion yen), and only three of its 46 models sold in Japan were profitable, but only three of its 46 models were profitable. It was considered almost impossible to reverse the company's fading fortunes.

The Ghosn Revival Plan, which was announced in October 1999, calls for a return to profitability in fiscal year 2000, with a profit margin of over 4.5 percent of sales by the end of fiscal year 2002 and a 50% reduction in the existing level of debt at the end of fiscal year 2002. If these targets were not met, Ghosn resigned. The Nissan Revival Project in Ghosn called for the reduction of 21,000 Nissan jobs (14% of total workforce), mainly in Japan; closing five Japanese plants; and auctioning off valuable assets such as Nissan's aerospace unit.

After Ford appointed Mark Fields, Henry Wallace, and James Miller to lead a Japanese automaker, Ghosn was the fourth non-Japanese person to head a Japanese automaker. Ghosn led Nissan's dramatic and cultural shifts, in addition to laying off employees, plants, and suppliers. He defied Japanese business etiquette in a variety of ways, including by reducing life expectancy from a promise to a target for when the company achieved good results and dismantling Nissan's keiretsu system; an intricate web of parts suppliers with cross-holdings in Nissan. The proposed dismantling of keiretsu earned Ghosn the nickname "keiretsu killer," according to The Wall Street Journal, if Nissan kicked former employees out of its supply chain, Ghosn could become a "public target." For the first time, Ghosn updated Nissan's official language from Japanese to English, as well as including executives from Europe and North America in critical global strategy sessions.

Nissan's integrated net loss in the first year of the Nissan Revival Plan increased to $2.7 billion for fiscal year 2000 from a reported net loss of $6.46 billion in the previous year. Nissan had returned to profitability in three years as a result of its three-year turnaround initiative, with operating margins consistently over 9%, more than twice the industry average. Before 31 March 2002, the Nissan Revival Plan was complete.

By the end of September 2005, Ghosn announced his next set of targets for the company, "Nissan 180," a three-year strategy for expansion based on the numbers 1, 8, and 0; and that by the spring of 2005, it had promised to have a net automotive debt decrease of at least 10% and reduced its net debt to zero. These targets were all met: Nissan revealed in the spring of 2003 that its net automotive debt was eliminated in fiscal year 2002. Nissan's operating profit margin increased to 11.1% in fiscal year 2003, up from 1.4% in 1999. Nissan reported in October 2005 that its annual revenues increased from the 2.6 million vehicles sold in the fiscal year ended March 2002 to the 30th September 2005.

Ghosn was appointed president and chief executive officer of Renault in May 2005. When he took over CEO roles at Renault and Nissan, Ghosn became the first person to run two businesses simultaneously on the Fortune Global 500.

In 2005, billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian bought a 9.9% interest in GM (GM) and seated one of his representatives on the board, then advised the company to investigate the merger with Renault and Nissan with Ghosn as the company's new chairman. GM's troubled leadership rejected the takeover bid in 2006, and Tracinda Corp., based in Kerkorian, sold the majority of its GM shares by the end of the year.

Ford Motor Co. made Ghosn a formal invitation to lead the company in 2006. According to reports, Ghosn refused, saying that if he were both the CEO and chairman of the board, the only way he would come to the failing company was to him. Bill Ford Jr. refused to give up his chairmanship.

Ghosn led the Renault-Nissan Alliance into the mass-market zero-emission electric vehicle market in a big way in 2007, and the campaign has received €4 billion (more than $5 billion) from the effort. Nissan-Renault president Ed Miliband declared in 2008 that by 2012, the firm would have a "complete lineup" of zero-emission electric vehicles available throughout the world. "If you're going to allow developing countries have as many cars as they want," he told the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business in 2009, there is no alternative but to go for zero emissions. And electric is the only zero-emissions vehicle on the market today... We've decided to go for it." In December 2010, Nissan Leaf, an electric vehicle with the tag "the world's first affordable zero-emission car," debuted. The Renault–Nissan Alliance is the world's biggest electric vehicle leader, with more than twice as many electric vehicles as Tesla, and the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling electric vehicle by a large margin.

After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan, one of the worst natural disasters in modern history, Ghosn was a leading figure in recovery efforts. He made the first of many visits to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 29, 2011, but Nissan restored full operations at the Iwaki factory well ahead of schedule. He appeared on television in Japan to bolster hope. Ghosn vowed to produce at least 1 million of Nissan's cars and trucks in Japan every year in May 2011. The French government had been scrutinizing Ghosn in 2011 for mishandling an espionage controversy relating to Renault.

Ghosn was appointed deputy chairman of the board of directors of Russian automaker AvtovAZ in June 2012. He was elected chairman of the Russian Federation in June 2013, a position he held until June 2016. Renault had begun a strategic partnership with AvtovAZ in 2008 by purchasing a 25% stake in the company; this resulted in ever closer collaborations between Renault–Nissan and AvtovAZ, which culminated in increasing interaction between Renault–Nissan and AvtovAZ, which culminated in the Russian automaker's control of the Russian automaker, which was defunct in 2014.

Ghosn confirmed in February 2017 that he would step down as CEO of Nissan on April 1, 2017, while the company's remaining chairman remains chairman. Hiroto Saikawa, a honda engineer, has succeeded Ghosn at Nissan after taking over. Renault owned 43.4% of Nissan in November 2018, while Nissan owned non-voting shares equal to 15% of Renault's equity.

Nissan completed the acquisition of a majority 34% interest in Mitsubishi Motors in October 2016. Ghosn joined Renault–Nissan as the chairman of Mitsubishi with a view to rehabilitate the automaker following a months-long controversy involving fuel-economy misrepresentation and subsequent decline in revenues. The Nissan–Mitsubishi alliance includes cooperation in the development of electric automobiles for Mitsubishi, as well as the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi alliance, which produces the world's fourth-largest auto company after Toyota, Volkswagen AG, and General Motors Co.

Following his detention and dismissal from Nissan for suspected financial misconduct, Mitsubishi Motors dismissed Ghosn from his position as chairman on November 26, 2018.

Ghosn served on the International Advisory Board of Banco Ita (a major party in Renault's privatization process) from 2015 to 2015. He is also a member of the advisory board of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing. He has been awarded an honorary doctorate from American University of Beirut, and he is a member of Saint Joseph University of Beirut's Strategic Council. He was elected president of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association in 2014 and 2015. He is the governor of the World Economic Forum.

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