Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini was born in Predappio, Emilia-Romagna, Italy on July 29th, 1883 and is the World Leader. At the age of 61, Benito Mussolini biography, profession, age, height, weight, eye color, hair color, build, measurements, education, career, dating/affair, family, news updates, and networth are available.
At 61 years old, Benito Mussolini has this physical status:
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (Italian: [beni to a milkare andrni]) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party from 1883 to 1945. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 to his deposition in 1943, as "Duce" of Italian Fascism from the inception of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 to his execution in 1945 by Italian rebels. Mussolini, the Italian emperor and chief author of fascism, influenced and encouraged the international dissemination of fascist movements during the interwar period.
Mussolini was both a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti. newspaper. He became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1912, but he was banned from the PSI for supporting military involvement in World War I, in reaction to the party's stand on neutrality. Mussolini founded Il Popolo d'Italia in 1914 and served in the Royal Italian Army from 1914 to 1917, before he was wounded and discharged in 1917. Mussolini condemned the PSI, his thoughts now focusing on Italian nationalism rather than socialism, and later founded the fascist movement, which went on to condemn egalitarianism and class conflict over gender lines rather than socially. Mussolini was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III on October 31, 1922, becoming the youngest person to hold the office up to that time. Mussolini and his allies consolidated control after removing all political opposition from the scene through their clandestine police and outlawing labor strikes, transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. Mussolini had established authoritarian control by both legal and illicit means in less than five years and aspired to establish a totalitarian state. Mussolini founded Vatican City in 1929, as a result of the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See.
Mussolini's foreign policy sought to resurrect the Roman Empire's ancient grandeur by expanding Italian colonial possessions and the fascist sphere of influence. He ordered the polarization of Libya over a fatal event in Greece, proclaimed a shield over Albania, and incorporated the city of Fiume into the Italian state by peace with Yugoslavia. Following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Ethiopia was conquered in 1936 and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. In 1939, Italian forces annexed Albania. Mussolini ordered the successful Italian military involvement in Spain in favor of Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war between 1936 and 1939. Mussolini's Italy started to prevent the outbreak of a second global war by sending troops from the Brenner Pass to stall and participate in the Stresa front, the Four-Power Pact, and the Munich Agreement. However, Italy has since alienated itself from Britain and France by aligning with Germany and Japan. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, resulting in declarations of war by France and the United Kingdom as well as the outbreak of World War II.
Mussolini opted to fight on the Axis side of the war on June 10th. Despite initial success, the Axis' demise on several fronts and the Allied march of Sicily later pushed Mussolini to lose the followers and supporters of the Fascist Party. As a result, the Grand Council of Fascism passed a motion of no confidence in Mussolini early on in 1943; the following day, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed him as Prime Minister and held him in detention, naming Pietro Badoglio to replace him as Prime Minister. Mussolini was rescued from captivity in the Gran Sasso raid by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos led by Major Otto-Harald Mors after the king agreed to an armistice with the Allies on September 12, 1943. Adolf Hitler, after meeting with the rescued former tyrant, then put Mussolini in charge of a puppet system in northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic (RSI), also known as the Salvation Army. Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci tried to flee to Switzerland in late April 1945, but they were captured by Italian communist partisans and summarily executed by the firing squad near Lake Como. Mussolini and his mistress were then taken to Milan, where they were hung upside down at a service station to officially announce their demise.
Early life
Mussolini was born in Dovia di Predappio, a little town in Romagna's province of Forl. Predappio was nicknamed "Duce's town" during the Fascist period, and Forl was dubbed "Duce's town" and pilgrims flocking to Predappio and Forl to see Mussolini's birthplace.
Alessandro Mussolini, Benito Mussolini's father, was a blacksmith and a socialist, but his mother, Rosa (née Maltoni), was a devout Catholic schoolteacher. Mussolini was named Benito after liberal Mexican president Benito Juárez, but his middle names, Andrea and Amilcare Cipriani, were for Italian socialists Andrea Costa and Amilcare Cipriani, given his father's political leanings. In return, the mother requested that he be baptized at birth. Benito was the oldest of his parents' three children. Arnaldo and Edvige were his siblings' next generations.
Mussolini would spend some time as a young boy assisting his father in his smithy. Mussolini's early political convictions were influenced by his father, who idolized 19th-century Italian nationalist figures with humanistic tendencies such as Carlo Pisacane, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. His father's political outlook reflected views of anarchist figures such as Carlo Cafiero and Mikhail Bakunin, Garibaldi's military authoritarianism, and Mazzini's nationalism. Mussolini delivered a public address in 1902, on the anniversary of Garibaldi's death.
Mussolini was admitted to a Salesian monks' boarding school. Despite being shy, he often clashed with teachers and fellow boarders due to his ethnic, grumpy, and violent behavior. He assaulted a classmate with a penknife during an argument and was severely disciplined. Mussolini's teachers praised him after beginning a new non-religious school in Forlimpopoli, and he became an elementary schoolmaster in July 1901.
Mussolini immigrated to Switzerland in 1902, partly to escape compulsory military service. He served as a stonemason in Geneva, Fribourg, and Bern, but was unable to find a permanent job.
During this period, he investigated the theories of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the sociologists Vilfredo Pareto, and syndicalist Georges Socol. Mussolini attributed some of his influences to Christian socialist Charles Pérez and syndicalist Hubert Lagardelle. Sorel's emphasis on the importance of restoring democratic democracy and capitalism by using violence, concrete action, the general strike, and the use of neo-Machiavellian appeals to emotion moved Mussolini deeply.
Mussolini became involved in the Italian socialist movement in Switzerland, writing for the newspaper L'Avvenire del Lavoratore, planning meetings, giving speeches to employees, and serving as secretary of the Italian workers' union in Lausanne. Angelica Balabanov reportedly introduced him to Vladimir Lenin, the Italian socialists' later chastised for losing Mussolini from their cause. He was arrested by the Bernese police in 1903 for his support of a violent general strike. He spent two weeks in prison before being arrested in Italy. He was released there and returned to Switzerland. Mussolini returned to Lausanne, where he attended the University of Lausanne's Department of Social Sciences, where he was arrested again in Geneva and suspended for falsifying his documents. On the occasion of the University of Lausanne's 400th anniversary, Mussolini was granted an honorary doctorate in 1937.
Mussolini returned to Italy in December 1904 to take advantage of an amnesty for the military's desertion of the troops. In absentia, he had been found guilty of this conduct. Since being in prison, he joined the Bersaglieri Corps in Forl on December 30. After being in the military from January 1905 to September 1906, he returned to teaching.
Mussolini left Italy in February 1909, this time to serve as the head of the Italian-speaking city of Trento, which at the time was part of Austria-Hungary (it is now within Italy). He served in office for the local Socialist Party and edited its newspaper L'Avvenire del Lavoratore (The Future of the Worker). In Milan, he spent a short time in Milan, and in 1910, he returned to Forl, where he managed the weekly Lotta di classe (The Class Struggle).
Mussolini regarded himself as an academic and was considered to be well-read. Sorel, the Italian Futurist Filippo Marinetti, French anarchist Gustave Hervé, Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta, and German philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, Marx's founders, read avidly; Sorel, Sorel, the Italian Futurist Filippo Marinetti, Italian Marxist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist Gustave Hervé, German philosophers Mussolini had taught himself French and German, as well as translated excerpts from Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Kant.
He wrote "Il Trentino veduto da un Socialista" (Italian: "Trentino as seen by a Socialist") in the radical periodical La Voce during this period. Claudia Particella, romanzo storico (The Cardinal's Mistress), as well as numerous articles on German literature, some essays, and one book: L'amante del Cardinale (The Cardinal's Mistress). He co-wrote this book with Santi Corvaja, and Il Popolo, a Trento newspaper, was published as a serial book. From 20 January to 11 May 1910, it was distributed in installments. The book was bitterly anticlerical, and years after Mussolini declared a truce with the Vatican, it was taken from circulation.
He had been one of Italy's most influential socialists. Mussolini took part in a riot in September 1911, led by socialists, against the Italian war in Libya. He slammed Italy's "imperialist war," a crime that has earned him a five-month jail term. Following his resignation, he helped Ivanoe Bonomi and Leonida Bissolati from the Socialist Party depose Ivano Bonomi as two "revisionists" who had supported the war.
He was rewarded with the editorship of the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti! The number of 20,000 to 100,000 increased in a matter of seconds under his leadership. John Gunther, a 1940 graduate, called him "one of the best journalists alive"; Mussolini was a staff reporter on Rome's march and wrote for the Hearst News Service until 1935. Mussolini was so familiar with Marxist literature that he would not only quote from well-known Marxist books but also from the more obscure ones. Mussolini referred to himself as a "authoritarian communist" and a Marxist during this period, and he called Karl Marx "the greatest of all socialism theorists."
Giovanni Hus, il veridico (Jan Hus, the true prophet), was published in 1913 by the Czech ecclesiastic reformer Jan Hus and his followers, the Hussites, who wrote a historical and political biography about the life and mission of the Czech ecclesiastic reformer Jan Hus and his followers, the Hussites. Mussolini used the term "Vero Eretico" (sincere heretic) in certain instances of his life's socialist period (sincere heretic).
Mussolini condemned egalitarianism, a central theme of socialism. Nietzsche's anti-Christian beliefs and deny of God's existence inspired him. Mussolini's feelings of socialism had slowed in light of Marxist determinism's waning and social democratic reformism, and Nietzsche's theories boosted socialism. Mussolini's writings revealed that he had abandoned Marxism and egalitarianism in favour of Nietzsche's transcendent theory and anti-egalitarianism, despite being closely associated with socialism.
At the time it was first established in August 1914, a number of socialist parties first supported World War I. Austrian, British, French, and German socialist socialists all followed the rising nationalist current by encouraging their country's involvement in the war. The outbreak of the war had spawned a surge of Italian nationalism, and a variety of political parties had embraced the war. Gabriele d'Annunzio, one of Italy's most prominent and influential nationalist backers of the war, promoted Italian irredentism and influenced Italian civilians to favor intervention in the conflict. Paolo Boselli's Italian Liberal Party fought in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Società Dante Alighieri to promote Italian nationalism. Italian socialists were split on whether or not to support the war or oppose it. Several revolutionary syndicalists, including Alceste De Ambris, Filippo Corte, and Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, had revealed their support for intervention before Mussolini took the field. After anti-militarist demonstrators had been killed, the Italian Socialist Party decided to protest the war, resulting in a general strike called Red Week.
Mussolini initially received official approval for the party's decision, but "Down with the War" was written in an August 1914 journal. We remain neutral." Both for his own aspirations as well as those of socialists and Italians saw the war as a chance. He was influenced by anti-Austrian Italian nationalist sentiments, who believed that the war in Austria-Hungary gave Italians the opportunity to free themselves from the Habsburgs' reign. He later declared his support for the war by pledging that socialists would overthrowrown the Hohenzollern and Habsburg monarchies in Germany and Austria-Hungary, who, according to him, had consistently repressed socialism.
Mussolini reiterated his assertion by criticizing central power designs against Belgium and Serbia, as well as historically against Denmark, France, and Italy; during Habsburg's reign, hundreds of thousands of Italians were under Habsburg rule. He argued that the fall of Hohenzollern and Habsburg monarchy as well as the repression of "reactionary" Turkey would provide favorable working conditions. Though he was in favour of the Entente powers, Mussolini referred to Tsarist Russia's orthodoxy by saying that the mobilization required for the war would jeopardize Russia's reactionary authoritarianism and lead to the Russian revolution. The war in Italy would bring the Italians from Austria-Hungary into Italy, according to Leo Varadkar, who promised that the common people of Italy would be interested members of the Italian nation's first national war. He also said that the massive social changes that the war could bring meant that it should be treated as a revolutionary war.
Mussolini's support for the operation grew, he came into conflict with socialists who opposed the war. He blasted the proponents of the conflict, accusing those who opposed pacifism were out of step with the rising interventionist vanguard that was preparing Italy for a revolutionary war. He began to criticize the Italian Socialist Party and socialism itself for failing to acknowledge the national factors that caused the outbreak of the war. He was barred from the group for supporting conflict.
The following excerpts are excerpts from a police report prepared by the Inspector-General of Public Security in Milan, G. Gasti, detailing his roots and position on the First World War that resulted in his expulsion from the Italian Socialist Party.The Inspector General wrote:
The Inspector also included this information in his summary:
Mussolini made a dramatic change after being dismissed by the Italian Socialist Party for his support of Italian involvement in a radical revolution, halting his support for class war and joining in favor of revolutionary nationalism outside of class boundaries. In October 1914, he founded Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fascio Rivoluzionario di Fascio ("Revolutionary Fasces of International Action"), a reformist journal that appeared in London. His nationalist involvement enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo (an arms company) and other businesses to establish Il Popolo d'Italia in order to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war. Other funds for Mussolini's Fascists during the war came from French sources, beginning in May 1915. This funding from France is believed to have come from French socialists who provided assistance to dissident socialists who wanted Italian involvement on France's side.
Mussolini's orthodox socialism for failing to understand that the war had made national identity and loyalty more relevant than class distinction on December 5th. In a speech that acknowledged the nation as a nation, which he had rejected prior to the war, he fully demonstrated his change.
Mussolini continued to advocate for the leadership of society that a revolutionary vanguard elite was always present. He no longer favored a proletarian vanguard but rather a vanguard led by vivacious and pioneering people of every social stratum. Despite the fact that he condemned traditional socialism and class war, he maintained at the time that he was a nationalist socialist and a promoter of nationalist socialists in Italy's history, including Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Carlo Pisacane. He said that his struggle as a member of the Italian Socialist Party and its support for orthodox socialism revealed the hopelessness of orthodox socialism as old and ineffective. This sense of the demise of orthodox socialism in the midst of World War II was not limited to Mussolini; other pro-interventionist Italian socialists, such as Filippo Corte and Sergio Panunzio, had also condemned classical Marxism in favour of intervention.
Mussolini's newly emerged political movement, Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria, was based on these basic political convictions and principles, who referred to them as Fascists (Fascists). The Fascists did not have a cohesive set of reforms or movement was ineffective in their attempts to schedule mass meetings, and government officials and orthodox socialists would regularly harass me. Antagonism by the interventionists, including Fascists, against the anti-interventionist orthodox socialists resulted in violence between the Fascists and socialists. The opposition and attacks by the Fascists and other reactionists against the Fascists and other radicals were so brutal that even feminist socialists opposed to the war, such as Anna Kuliscioff, said that the Italian Socialist Party had gone too far in a movement aimed at suppressing the freedom of speech of supporters of the war. Mussolini's interpretation of Fascism in terms of its support for political brutality stemmed from these early hostilities between the Fascists and the nascent socialists.
Mussolini became a mentor and journalist with irredentist politician and journalist Cesare Battisti. Mussolini, like many Italian nationalists, volunteered to fight as World War I began. He was turned down due to his radical Socialism and was told to wait for his reserve call up. On August 31, he was called up and reported for service with his old team, the Bersaglieri. After a two-week refresher course, he was sent to Isonzo front, where he participated in the Second Battle of the Isonzo, 1915. In October 1915, his troops also participated in the Third Battle of the Isonzo.
The Inspector General continued:
In his book Diario di terra, Mussolini's military career is shared. Overall, he saw about nine months of active, front-line trench warfare. He had paratyphoid fever during this period. His military exploits came to an end in February 1917 when a mortar bomb was launched in his trench in his trench accidentally. He was left with at least 40 shards of metal in his body and had to be evacuated from the front. In August 1917, he was released from the hospital and resumed his editor-in-chief role at his new newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia. He contributed to good articles about the Czechoslovak Legions in Italy.
He married Edda Guidi, a Treviglio negro, on December 25th, 1915, who had already had him a child, Edda, at Forl. Ida Dalser, a woman born in Sopramonte, a village near Trento, had a son in 1915. On January 11, 1916, he legally recognized his son.
Personal life
Ida Dalser, Mussolini's first wife, married in Trento in 1914. Benito Albino Mussolini (1915-1924) grew up the following year, and the couple had a boy the following year; he was named Benito Albino Mussolini (1915-1942). Mussolini married Rachele Guidi, who had been his mistress since 1910, in December 1915. The news about his first marriage was suppressed due to his forthcoming political ascension, and both his first wife and son were later arrested. Edda (1910–1995) and Anna Maria (1929–1968), the latter of whom married in Ravenna on June 11th, 1959, and three sons: Vittorio (1921–1941), Maria (1927–2006), and Roma (2006–2006). Mussolini had several mistresses, including Margherita Sarfatti and her late companion, Clara Petacci. Mussolini's biographer Nicholas Farrell wrote about his brief sexual interactions with female supporters for a short time.
Mussolini's claustrophobia may have been based on imprisonment. He refused to enter the Blue Grotto (a sea cave off the coast of Capri) and preferred large rooms like his 18 by 12 meters (60 by 40 feet) at the Palazzo Venezia.
Mussolini spoke English, French, and a skeptical German (because of his lack of an interpreter, he did not use a German interpreter). At the Munich Conference, no other national leader spoke other than his native tongue; Mussolini was described as effectively being the "chief interpreter" at the Conference.