Andrew Jackson

US President

Andrew Jackson was born in Waxhaws, United States on March 15th, 1767 and is the US President. At the age of 78, Andrew Jackson biography, profession, age, height, weight, eye color, hair color, build, measurements, education, career, dating/affair, family, news updates, and networth are available.

  Report
Date of Birth
March 15, 1767
Nationality
United States
Place of Birth
Waxhaws, United States
Death Date
Jun 8, 1845 (age 78)
Zodiac Sign
Pisces
Profession
Judge, Lawyer, Military Officer, Politician, Slave Owner, Statesperson
Andrew Jackson Height, Weight, Eye Color and Hair Color

At 78 years old, Andrew Jackson has this physical status:

Height
185cm
Weight
Not Available
Hair Color
Red
Eye Color
Blue
Build
Slim
Measurements
Not Available
Andrew Jackson Religion, Education, and Hobbies
Religion
Presbyterian
Hobbies
Not Available
Education
Not Available
Andrew Jackson Spouse(s), Children, Affair, Parents, and Family
Spouse(s)
Rachel Donelson, ​ ​(m. 1794; died 1828)​
Children
Andrew Jackson Jr., Lyncoya
Dating / Affair
Not Available
Parents
Not Available
Andrew Jackson Life

Andrew Jackson (1767-1865), an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

Jackson rose to prominence as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the United States Congress before being elected to the presidency.

As president, Jackson tried to advance the interests of the "common man" against a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union. Jackson, who was born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade leading up to the American Revolutionary War, became a frontier prosecutor and married Rachel Donelson Robards.

He served briefly in the United States House of Representatives and the Senate of Tennessee, representing Tennessee.

He served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 to 1804.

Jackson bought a house later known as The Hermitage and became a wealthy slaveowning planter.

Early life and education

Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Carolinas' Waxhaws region. Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians from Ulster, Ireland, immigrated in 1765. Since the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, Jackson's father was born in Carrickfert, County Antrim, and his ancestors migrated into Northern Ireland from Scotland. Hugh (born 1733) and Robert (born 1764). Jackson had two older brothers who came from Ireland with his parents, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764).

Jackson's exact birthplace is uncertain. In February 1767, three weeks before his son Andrew was born, Jackson's father died at the age of 29 after clearing land. Elizabeth and her three children were then moved into the home of her sister and brother-in-law, Jane and James Crawford. Jackson later claimed that he was born on the Crawford plantation, which is in Lancaster County, South Carolina, but second-hand evidence indicates that he may have been born at another uncle's house in North Carolina.

When Jackson was young, Elizabeth hoped he'd be a minister and hired a local clergyman to have him tutored. He learned to read, write, and direct numbers, and was introduced to Greek and Latin, but he was too young and tame for ministry.

Later life and death (1837–1845)

Jackson returned to the Hermitage in 1837 and immediately started putting its affairs in order, although it had not been well managed in his absence. Despite being in poor health and had lost some of his fame as a result of the Panic of 1837, Jackson remained influential in national and state politics.

Jackson proposed an Independent Treasury system as a solution to the government's panic, but it would not be able to hold the government's account in the form of gold or silver, and would be limited from printing paper money to discourage further inflation. In 1846, this method was introduced. The sadness pervades continued, and Van Buren became unpopular. William Henry Harrison, a war hero who served as a Democrat, and former Democratic John Tyler were nominated for the 1840 presidential election by Whig Party. They campaigned in a manner that rivals: Van Buren was portrayed as an uncaring aristocrat, while Harrison's war record was lauded and he was portrayed as a man of the people. In Tennessee, Jackson campaigned tenaciously for Van Buren. He favored James K. Polk as the vice presidential nominee, but no one for that position was selected.

Harrison defeated the Whigs in both houses of Congress, to Jackson's surprise. Harrison died just a month into his term and was replaced by Tyler. Since Tyler was not tied to party allegiance, he was rewarded. In 1841, Tyler angered the Whigs by vetoing two Whig-sponsored bills to establish a new national bank. Tyler was lauded by Jackson and other Democrats, but Tyler's entire cabinet, except Daniel Webster, resigned.

Jackson lobbied for the removal of Texas, arguing that it belonged to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. He expected that annexation would spark national division over slavery, but feared that the British could use Texas as a base to threaten the United States. Jackson wrote several letters to Texas president Sam Houston, urging him to wait for the Senate to approve the removal of Texas and describing how much money will profit as a member of the United States. Tyler signed a peace of annexation in April 1844, but it was not ratified until it became associated with slavery's expansion. Henry Clay, the Whig nominee for the 1844 presidential election in Birmingham, and Jackson's top Democratic nominee, Van Buren, are against annexation. Jackson, who was supposed to be Van Buren's running mate, convinced Polk, who would be Van Buren's running mate, to run as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee instead. Polk defeated Van Buren for the nomination, and Jackson convinced Taylor not to run as an outsider by returning him to the Democratic Party. Polk won the poll, the senate passed a bill to partition Texas, and it was signed on March 1, 1845.

Jackson died of dropsy and heart disease at 78 years of age on June 8, 1845. At his deathbed, he was surrounded by family and friends, and his last words were, "Oh, do not cry." Be safe children, and we will all be in Heaven." He was buried in the same tomb as his wife Rachel.

Personal life

Jackson and Rachel had no children together, but Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's deceased brother Severn Donelson, was adopted by Andrew Jackson Jr. John Samuel, Daniel Smith, and Andrew Jackson served as guardians for Donelson's other children. They were also guardians for Andrew Jackson Hutchings, Rachel's orphanaged grand nephew, and Edward Butler's orphanaged children, who lived with the Jacksons after their father died. After the Battle of Tallushatchee, Jackson adopted Lyncoya and two boys, Theodore and Charley, and three others lived with them.

For the first time in US history, two women served as unofficial First Lady for widower Jackson. Emily Donelson, Rachel's niece, was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson (who served as Jackson's personal secretary) and served as hostess at the White House. During the Petticoat affair, the president and Emily were estranged for more than a year, but they soon reconciled and she resumed their roles as White House hostess. After Emily died of tuberculosis in 1836, Sarah Yorke Jackson, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr., became co-hostess of the White House in 1834 and took over all hostess duties.

Jackson had a reputation for being short-tempered and violent, which terrified his opponents. He was able to do what he wanted because of his temper. If necessary, he could keep it in check: during his campaign leading up to the 1824 election, he was friendly and urbane. Van Buren said he remained calm in times of uncertainty and made his decisions deliberatively.

He had the tendency to take things personally. If someone were to blame for the murders, he would often become obsessed with them. For example, on the last day of his presidency, Jackson said he had only two regrets: that he did not hanged Henry Clay or fired John C. Calhoun. He also had a strong sense of loyalty. He regarded threats to his family members as threats to himself, but in return, he demanded unquestionable loyalty.

Jackson was self-confident, but not with a sense of self-importance. He had the confidence to continue despite adversity because of his self-confidence. Once he had decided on a course of action, he would stick to it. His reputation for being quick-tempered and confident served to his advantage; it deceived opponents to see him as clear and concise, prompting them to often misunderstand his political skepticism.

In 1838, Jackson became a charter member of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville. Both his mother and his wife were devout Presbyterians throughout their lives, but Jackson said he had postponed officially entering the church until after his resignation to avoid charges that he did so for political reasons.

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Andrew Jackson Career

Early career

Jackson, a Revolutionary War saddle maker, briefly returned to school, and taught reading and writing to children. In 1784, he left the Waxhaws area for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under prosecutor Spruce Macay. He completed his education under John Stokes and was admitted to the North Carolina bar in September 1787. John McNairy, his companion, helped him get into the Western District of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee. Jackson stopped in Jonesborough while going to assume his new position. He bought his first slave, a woman who was about his age, while he was there. He also battled his first duel, accusing another lawyer, Waightstill Avery, of impugning his reputation. Both men were killed in the fire, and the duel ended with both men firing in the air.

Jackson started his new life in Nashville in 1788 and quickly rose in social standing. He became a protégé of William Blount, one of the territory's most influential men. In 1791, Jackson was elected attorney general and then advocate for the militia the following year. He became involved in land speculation and ended up forming a partnership with fellow solicitor John Overton. Their partnership mainly dealt with allegations that were made under a 'land grab' law that opened Cherokee and Chickasaw territory to North Carolina's white residents.

As boarding at Rachel Stockly Donelson's widow, John Donelson, became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. Rachel was in a difficult marriage with Captain Lewis Robards, and the two were divorced by 1789. Jackson and Rachel became intimately involved during their separation, living together as husband and wife. Robards applied for divorce, but Rachel's infidelity was based on her infidelity. In January 1794, the couple married in a legally registered marriage. They purchased Hunter's Hill, their first plantation in 1796, on 640 acres (260 ha) near Nashville.

Jackson became a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Tennessee's most influential group. In 1796, he was elected as a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention. He was elected to serve as Tennessee's U.S. Representative as a child in the statehood of this year. Jackson argued against the Jay Treaty in Congress, chastised George Washington for reportedly removing Democratic-Republicans from public office, and joined many other Democratic-Republican congressmen in rejecting a resolution of thanks for Washington. He argued for the right of Tennesseans to violently oppose Native American interests. In 1797, the state legislature confirmed him to serve as a senator, but after only six months, he resigned.

Jackson was named as a judge of the Tennessee supremacy court after returning to Tennessee. Jackson, also became the Tennessee militia's major general, or commander, in 1802, a position that was undetermined by a vote of the militia's officers. The vote was drawn between Jackson and John Sevier, a well-known Revolutionary War soldier and former governor, but Archibald Roane, the incoming state governor, broke the tie in Jackson's favour. Jackson accused Sevier of mistrust and bribery later this year. Sevier retaliated by mocking Rachel's name, resulting in a shootout on a public street. They were duel soon after, but they were released without having fired at each other.

In 1804, Jackson resigned as a judge. After a brief financial crisis, he had almost gone bankrupt when the credit he used for land speculation fell, he said. He had to sell Hunters Hill, as well as 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of land he purchased for speculation, and bought a smaller 420-acre (170 ha) plantation near Nashville that he would refer to as the Hermitage. He concentrated on repairing his losses by becoming a profitable planter and retailer. The Hermitage will grow to 1,000 acres (400 ha), making it one of the state's largest cotton-growing plants.

Jackson used slave labour in Southern United States, as did most planters. In 1804, Jackson had nine African slaves by 1820; by 1820, he had over 100; and by his death in 1845, he had over 150 slaves. He owned a total of 300 slaves over his lifetime. Jackson embraced the paternalistic view of slavery, which said slave ownership was morally correct as long as slaves were treated with compassion and their basic needs were cared for. Slaves were regarded as a form of wealth in practice, but their productivity was also covered. Slaves who disobeyed or fled away from school could be severely punished. For example, Jackson said "ten dollars more" for every hundred lashes a person will give him in an 1804 advertisement to rescue a runaway slave to the amount of three hundred lashes. Jackson was also involved in the local slave trade. His increasing fortune in slaves and property made him one of Tennessee's most wealthy families.

Jackson and Charles Dickinson engaged in a duel in May 1806. They had erupted over a horse race, and Dickinson had allegedly uttered a slur against Rachel. Dickinson fired first, and Jackson was struck in the chest. The bullet had shattered against his breastbone, but not life-threatening. Dickinson was shot and killed by Jackson on his return to work. The assassination of Jackson tarnished the actor's image.

Jackson became involved in former Vice President Aaron Burr's attempt to capture Spanish Florida and depose the Spanish from Texas later this year. When Jackson stayed with the Jacksons at the Hermitage in 1805, he became acquainted with him. After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel Burr in a tour of what was then the Western United States, he persuaded Jackson to join his expedition. Jackson wrote James Winchester in October 1806, saying that the United States will "become not only the Floridas [at that time there was an East Florida and a West Florida], but that all Spanish North America" was present. He told the Tennessee militia that it should march at a moment's notice "when the government and constituted power of our country mandate it." And that the expedition will carry boats and provisions. Jackson wrote to president Thomas Jefferson, telling him that Tennessee was eager to protect the nation's dignity.

Jackson also expressed reservations about the company. He warned Louisiana Governor William Claiborne and Tennessee Senator Daniel Smith that some of the participants in the experiment might be planning to escape the state. Burr was arrested for treason in December by Jefferson. Jackson, who was exiled by a long paper trail, arranged the militia to capture the conspirators. At Burr's trial in 1807, Jackson testified before a grand jury, implying that it was Burr's associate James Wilkinson, not Burr, who was guilty of treason, not Burr. Burr was cleared of the charges.

Military career

The United States Congress declared war on the United Kingdom on June 1812, 1812-1812. The causes of The War of 1812 were primarily maritime, but for the white settlers on the southern frontier, the war gave them the opportunity to crush Native American resistance to encroachment on their territories, to undermine British support for the Native American tribes, and to oust Florida from the Spanish.

Jackson immediately started to recruit volunteers for the war, but he was not called to service until the United States military was repeatedly defeated in the American Northwest. Following these setbacks, over 2000 volunteers were enlisted in January 1813 by Jackson, who were ordered to fly to New Orleans to protect against a British attack. General Wilkinson, the commandant at New Orleans and the man Jackson accused of treason after the Burr expedition, ordered his troops to halt at Natchez. Jackson received a letter from the Secretary of War, John Armstrong, stating that his volunteers were not required, that they were to be disbanded, and that no supplies were to be sent to Wilkinson. Jackson refused to disband his troops, instead leading them on a strenuous march back to Nashville, where he was branded "Hickory" (later "Old Hickory) for his toughness.

With the brothers Jesse and Thomas Hart Benton's brother, Jesse and Thomas Hart Benton, who was returning to Nashville, Jackson, and one of his colonels, John Coffee, became embroiled in a street brawl over honor with them. Nobody was hurt, but Jackson was shot in the shoulder that nearly killed him.

When Governor Blount called out the militia in September 1813, Jackson had not fully recovered from his wounds. The "Red Sticks" faction of Muscogee Creek Confederacy, which was meant to keep peace with the United States, had disbanded away from the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. The Red Sticks, led by William Weatherford (also known as Red Eagle) and Peter McQueen, were allies of Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who was fighting with the British against the United States. A Red Sticks group had arrived in Pensacola earlier this summer to purchase supplies from the Spanish island. The American military beat an ambush at Burnt Corn Creek on their return. The Red Sticks vengered the ambush by attacking Fort Mims, which was a stockade occupied by both white Americans and their Creek allies, on August 30. About 250 militiamen and civilians were killed, as a result. The Fort Mims massacre sparked the Red Stick War, and it was declared as the Fort Mims massacre.

Jackson's aim was to destroy the Red Sticks. He travelled south from Fayetteville, Tennessee, with 2500 troops, establishing Fort Strother as his supply base. He sent his cavalry under GM Coffee, destroying Red Stick villages and gathering supplies ahead of the main force. At the Battle of Tallushatchee, Coffee defeated a team of Red Sticks on November 3rd. Jackson defeated another group of Red Sticks besieging Creek allies at the Battle of Talladega later this month.

The expiration of enlistment and desertion had reduced Jackson's army by around 1000 volunteers and Creek allies by January 1814. Even with a reduced workforce, Jackson maintained the offensive. At the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek, the Red Sticks counterattacked. Jackson retaliated against the attacks, but he was forced to leave Fort Strother after being outnumbered. After Jackson's army was enhanced by new recruits, including a regular army unit under Colonel John Williams' command, their combined forces confronted the Red Sticks at a bend in the Tallapoosa River. On the 27th of March, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought. Jackson's troops, which also included Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek, totaling over 3000 men, were divided into three groups; the Redsticks had about 1000. The Red Sticks were overwhelmed and massacred. Over 800 Red Sticks were killed, and nearly 300 Red Stick women and children were arrested and sent to Jackson's Native American allies.

The Red Sticks' strength was shattered after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson's scorched-earth campaign of raging villages, destroying supplies, and starving Red Stick women and children. Weatherford's campaign came to an end, but some Red Sticks, including McQueen, fled to East Florida. On June 8, Jackson was named a brigadier general in the United States Army, and a ten-day general with command of the Seventh Military District, which included Tennessee, Louisiana, the Mississippi territory, and the Muscog Creek Confederacy. Jackson signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson with President James Madison's permission. The treaty compelled all Creek, as well as those that had been allies, to give the United States 23,000,000 acres (9,300,000 ha) of property.

Jackson's attention then turned to the British and Spanish people. In August, he and his troops moved to Mobile, Alabama. Mateo González Manrique, the Spanish governor of West Florida, accused the Red Sticks of attacking and threatening to attack. The governor replied by requesting the British to protect Pensacola's property, which infringed Spanish independence. The British attempted to capture Mobile, but their invasion force was disobeyed at Fort Bowyer, which is located at the mouth of Mobile Bay. On November 7, Jackson invaded Florida, defeating the Spanish and British forces at the Battle of Pensacola. The Spanish surrendered and the British retaliated. Jackson discovered that the British were planning an attack in New Orleans, which was the northern route to the lower Mississippi river and the American West's control. He evacuated Pensacola, enlarged the garrison at Mobile, and led his troops to New Orleans.

Jackson was born in New Orleans on December 1, 1814. He introduced martial law because he was concerned about the city's Creole and Spanish residents' loyalty. He increased his force by teaming up with Jean Lafitte's smugglers and building free African-Americans and Creek units, giving non-white volunteers the same salary as whites. When the British arrived, Jackson was given a force of about 5,000 men.

In mid-December, the British arrived in New Orleans in mid-December. Admiral Cochrane was the overall commander of the mission; General Edward Pakenham commanded the army of 10,000 troops, many of whom had served in the Napoleonic Wars. Jackson, who was advancing up the Mississippi River's east bank, devised a fortified position to discourage them from entering the river. On January 8, the British launched a frontal assault, which culminated in a climactic clash. Their troops were easy targets for the Americans shielded by their shielding, and the mission was a failure. Despite over 2000 casualties, GM was killed, and the British were wounded; the Americans had suffered from 60 casualties.

At the end of January, the British decamped from New Orleans, but they remained a threat. Jackson refused to lift martial law and held the militia under arms. He allowed the execution of six militiamen for desertion. Any Creoles were listed as French citizens with the French consul, and had to be barred from the service due to their foreign nationality. All French citizens were expected to leave the area within three days, and Louis Louaillier, a Louisiana legislature official, was arrested after writing a newspaper article opposing Jackson's adherence to martial law. Judge Dominic A. Smith, a U.S. District Court Judge, was convicted of mistaking me for a member of the United States District Court. Louailler's deposition was the subject of a habeas corpus. Hall was detained in Jackson. Louiallier's release was ordered by a military court, but Jackson refused to release him from jail and barred Hall from the area. Although Jackson lifted martial law when he heard official word that the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war with the British, had been signed, his previous conduct in New Orleans had tarnished his image.

Jackson's victory made him a national hero, and on February 27, 1815, he was given the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal for his efforts. Despite the fact that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in December 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans was fought, Jackson's victory ensured that the US had the full power of the area between Mobile and New Orleans would not be effectively contested by European powers. This enabled the American government to disregard one of the treaty's articles, which would have returned the creek lands acquired in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

Following the war, Jackson remained in command of troops in the southern half of the United States and was allowed to base his headquarters at the Hermitage. In territories under his command, Jackson continued to displace the Native Americans. Despite resistance from Treasury Secretary William Crawford, who tried to help Native Americans maintain their land, Jackson signed five treaties with the Cherokee and Chickasaw between 1816 and 1820, ceding tens of millions of acres to the United States.

Jackson will soon find himself embroiled in another conflict in the Floridas. One source of conflict was the presence of a group of Native American peoples, who collectively referred to the Seminole, who straddled the border between the United States and Florida and were in constant conflict with white settlers. In Florida, runaway slaves were identified as a result. The British turned a fort in Northern Florida after the 1812 war ended, killing runaway slaves who were armed, prepared, and drilled to protect themselves. Negro Fort, as it was called, had a garrison of 300 African-Americans and shielded about 1000 others who were living in the area. The fort became a magnet for runaway slaves from both the United States and Spanish Florida, posing a danger to slave owners' property rights and raising suspicions of slave rebellion. The fort was ordered to be captured by Jackson. Colonel Duncan Clinch, who burned the fort and killed the majority of the garrison, carried out this mission in July 1816. The refugees were relegated to slavery.

These skirmishes, as the case of runaway slaves, and Spanish inability all dominated President James Monroe's administration, which culminated in the First Seminole War. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun ordered Jackson to lead a movement "with complete authority to conduct the war as he pleases." Jackson believed the best way to do this was to capture Florida from Spain once and for all. "Let it be shown to me by any channel" before departing, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "The Floridas' possession would be beneficial to the United States and can be achieved in 60 days."

Jackson invaded Florida, seized the Spanish fort of St. Marks, and occupied Pensacola. By May 1818, seminole and Spanish resistance had effectively ended. Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, both British agents who had been working with the Seminole, were also apprehended. Following a brief hearing, Jackson executed both of them, triggering a diplomatic conflict with the British. Jackson's behavior polarized Monroe's cabinet. The occupied territories were returned to Spain. Calhoun wanted him to be jailed for breaching the Constitution because the US had not declared war on Spain. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams defended him, saying that Jackson's presence in Pensacola would lead to Spain's sale of Florida, as Spain did in the Adams-On-Sacra Treaty of 1819. A congressional probe cleared Jackson in February 1819.

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