Alassane Ouattara

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Alassane Dramane Ouattara (born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician who has served as President of the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010.

Ouattara, an economist by training, worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Bank of West African States (French: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, BCEAO), and he served as the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 1990 to December 1993, first appointed by President Félix Houphouny to that position.

Ouattara was the President of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an Ivorian political group, in 1999.

Early life

Ouattara was born in Dimbokro, France West Africa, on January 1, 1942. He is a descendant of Burkina Faso's Muslim kings and later a part of the Kong Empire, also known as the Wattara (Ouattarra) Empire. Ouattara is of Muslim origins and is a member of the Dyula people. In 1965, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the Drexel Institute of Technology (now Drexel University), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ouattara obtained both his master's degree in economics and a PhD in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972.

David Dramane Ouattara and Fanta Catherine Ouattara are twin brothers from Ouattara's first marriage to American Barbara Jean Davis. Ouattara married Dominique Nouvian, a French Catholic businesswoman of Jewish descent, in 1991. Their wedding took place in the town hall of Paris's 16th arrondissement.

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Career at financial institutions

He was an economist for theBN Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., from 1968 to 1973, and then as the Chargé de Mission de l'Ouest, the Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Ouest, from 1973 to 1975. He was then Deputy Governor and Director of Research from February 1975 to December 1982, and Vice Governor from January 1983 to October 1984 with the BCEAO. He was Director of the African Department of the IMF from November 1984 to October 1988, and from May 1987, he transitioned to the IMF's Chief Managing Director. He was first elected Governor of the BCEAO on October 28, 1988, and he was sworn in on December 22, 1988. Ouattara is a notorious labourer, keen on transparency and good governance, with a reputation for being a tenacious worker.

Political career

The IMF's Structural Adjustment Programme, which was launched in April 1990, compelled Félix Houphout-Boigny to accept Ouattara as Chairman of the Inter-ministerial Committee for Coordination of the Stabilization and Economic Recovery Programme in Côte d'Ivoire's Coordination. Ouattara stayed in his position as the BCEAO Governor while holding that office. He became Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire on November 7, 1990, still under IMF control, after which Charles Konan Banny replaced him as Interim BCEAO Governor. He served as Minister of Finance and Finance from October 1990 to November 1993.

Ouattara continued to serve as Prime Minister for a total of 18 months, including the period from March to December 1993, when Houphout-Boigny was sick. After a brief power struggle between Ouattara and Henri Konan Bédié, President of the National Assembly, over the presidential election that left Bedié constitutionally under the control of the nation if Houphouet were unfit, a brief power battle ensued. On December 9, Bédié won and Ouattara resigned as Prime Minister, and Ouattara resigned as Prime Minister. Ouattara was first elected Deputy Managing Director by the IMF in 1994, retaining the position from 1 July 1994 to 31 July 1999.

The National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire ratified an electoral law prohibiting candidates from obtaining a foreign nationality or if they had not lived in Côte d'Ivoire for the previous five years. These provisions were widely believed to have been aimed at Ouattara. He had not lived in the country since 1990 due to his IMF service. In addition, his father was rumored to have been born in Burkina Faso. The Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an opposition group that emerged in 1994 as a result of the founding Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), has pressed for Ouattara to be its presidential candidate. According to Kobina, "I'm excited to join you" in late June 1995. RDR Secretary-General Djéni Kobina met with Ouattara in late June 1995, at a time when, according to Kobina, Ouattara, "I'm excited to join you." On July 3, 1995, the party nominated Ouattara as its presidential candidate in the country's first ordinary congress. The government will not change the electoral code, however, and Ouattara voted against the nomination. The RDR and the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) of Laurent Gbagbo voted against Laurent Gbagbo, bringing the PDCI's nominee, incumbent president Henri Konan Bédié, to win by a narrow margin.

When serving as the IMF's deputy managing director, Ouattara expressed his desire to Songs of Côte d'Ivoire and engage in politics again in March 1998. Since leaving the IMF in July 1999, he was elected President of the RDR on August 1st 1999 at an extraordinary congress of the party, as well as being chosen as its nominee for the forthcoming presidential election. He said he was eligible to vote, citing evidence that he and his parents were of Ivorian origins.

He had been accused of forged these papers, but an investigation was launched. Ouattara was a Burkinabé, according to President Bédié, and Houphouth wanted Alassane Ouattara to be worried solely with the economy. A court annulled Ouattara's nationality certificate, which was issued in late September 1999. Although Ouattara was out of the country at the time, an arrest warrant was issued on November 29th; he later stated that he would return by late December.

The military seized power on December 24th, ousting Bédié from office. Following three months in France on December 29, Ouattara returned to Côte d'Ivoire, hailing Bédié's ouster as "not a coup d'état" but "a movement embraced by all the Ivorian people" after his ouster.

A new constitution was passed by a referendum in July 2000, which had controversially barred presidential candidates unless both of their parents were Ivorian, and Ouattara was barred from the 2000 presidential election. The causes surrounding this war, which began in 2002, were among the key factors in the First Ivorian Civil War, which broke out in 2002.

"For us, things are straightforward"; not born, marriage, or naturalization, Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré replied in a video interview about Ouattara's nationality. This guy is the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire."

Ouattara could run in the upcoming Ivorian presidential election, according to President Gbagbo on August 6, 2007. On January 1, 2008, Ouattara was named RDR's presidential candidate in the second Ordinary Congress; he was also re-elected as President of the RDR for another five years. He invited the former rebel New Forces from whom he had previously distanced himself, to work with the RDR for the election.

Ouattara said openly that he did not think the Gbagbo would run transparent and fair elections at the time.

Both the RDR and the PDCI are members of Rogue of Houphoutistes, and although Ouattara and Bédié separated in the first round, they have all agreed to support the other if only one of them made it to the second round.

The presidential elections, which should have been scheduled in 2005, were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary findings were published separately by the president of the Electoral Commission from Ouattara's headquarters due to questions over fraud in the commission. Former Gbagbo Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara left Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.

The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, accusing massive fraud in the northern departments ruled by the New Forces' rebels. These allegations were debunked by UN observers (unlike African Union observers). The results' investigation triggered significant anxiety and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, composed of seven northern departments, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote rather than Ouattara winning with 54%, according to the Electoral Commission. An alternative inauguration was held at the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara, who was deemed the winner by several countries and the United Nations Organization. These incidents sparked resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country as a result of the war.

Thabo Mbeki, the former President of South Africa, was sent by the African Union to mediate the violence. The United Nations Security Council approved a resolution acknowledging Alassane Ouattara as the winner of the election, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which barred the Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies, although the African Union suspended the country's membership.

A colonel of the Ivory Coast Armed Forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in 2010 with a year-long US Immigration and Customs Enforcement investigation for illegal export of arms and munitions: 4,000 9 mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in breach of a UN embargo. Several other officers on the Ivory Coast were discharged because they held diplomatic passports. Michael Barry Shor, the international trader, was arrested in Virginia.

Citizen and the Second Ivorian Civil War were the product of the 2010 presidential election in 2010. Multiple human-rights abuses have been reported by international organisations from both directions. Hundreds of people were killed in the city of Duékoué. Hundreds of people were killed in Bloléquin, near Bloléquin. Gbagbo was attacked by UN and French forces. Following a raid into his house on April 11, 2011, Gbagbo was taken into custody. The country was heavily wounded by the conflict, and observers predict that Ouattara will have a difficult time restoring the economy and reunite Ivorians.

World leaders applauded the country's changes. President Barack Obama praised the latest developments in Côte d'Ivoire, while CNN quoted US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong warning to tyrants and tyrants." They should not disregard the voice of their own people."

President Ouattara fired his government in November 2012 after a fight over a bill that would make wives joint heads of the household. His own party approved the changes, but the leaders of the ruling coalition opposed them, with the most resistance coming from the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire.

Ouattara obtained nearly 84% of the vote in 2015, earning a second five-year term. With 2,118,229 votes, or 83.6 percent of votes cast, and a 54.6 percent turnout, he was a landslide victory relative to the 50% required to prevent a run-off and the 9% of his closest rival, FPI leader Pascal Affi N'Guessan.

Ouattara was expected to be elected as President of the RDR by acclamation at the Third Ordinary Congress on September 9, 2017, but Henriette Diabaté was subsequently nominated for the position.

Ouattara said in March 2020 that he would not run again in the presidential election of 31 October 2020 and praised Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly as the RDR's presidential nominee. Ouattara considered starting Defense Minister Hamed Bakayoko after the sudden death of Coulibaly on August 8, 2020, before determining that he was unaware of illegal trafficking links. In July, he declared a bid for a third term in office. His candidacy was tense, because the Ivorian constitution only allows for two presidential terms. The Constitutional Court ruled that the first term under a new constitution did not count for the purposes of the new constitution's two-term government, thus allowing Ouattara's candidacy; violent demonstrations in Abidjan and elsewhere have erupted; A large part of the opposition had therefore postponed the election of October 2020, which saw Alassane Ouattara's reelection with 93% of the people under a 53.9 percent turnout.

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